Quiz #1 Ch. 1-4 Body Basics and Foundations Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What are membranes
A
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
2
Q
What constitutes as an epithelial membrane
A
The combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer
3
Q
Mucous membranes
A
a body cavity that opens
directly to the exterior. Mucous membranes line the entire
digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems. They are
found in the oral and nasal cavities and parts of the urinary
system.
o They consist of epithelium and connective tissue with specialized cells that
secrete mucus (goblet cells
4
Q
Serous membranes
A
line a body cavity that does not open
directly to the exterior, and it also covers the organs that lie
within the cavity.
o They line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within
these cavities.
o Made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue that secrete
serous fluid that acts as a lubricant.
5
Q
Synovial membranes
A
line the cavities of some joints.
o These membranes consist of only connective tissues, and they
secreted lubricating synovial fluid
6
Q
Cutaneous membrane
A
consists of the skin (also called the
integument); epidermis + dermis + hypodermis of skin
7
Q
what are epithelial membranes considered?
A
Epithelial membranes are considered to be organs because they are composed of more
than one type of tissue
8
Q
Muscular tissue
A
- consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that are highly specialized to generate force (contract).
- muscular tissue produces motion, maintains posture,
and generates heat
9
Q
what are the three types of muscle tissue
A
- Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location – it is usually attached
to the bones of the skeleton. (voluntary contraction) - Cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the wall of the heart.
(involuntary contraction) - Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal
structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach,
intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder. (involuntary contraction)
9
Q
two principal types
of cells for the nervous system
A
neurons and neuroglia
10
Q
whare are nervous tissues found
A
brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
10
Q
what do neurons do
A
They convert stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials) and conduct these impulses to other neurons, to muscle fibers, or to glands.
11
Q
Neuroglia
A
do not generate or conduct nerve impulses,
but they do have many other important protective and
supportive functions. They support and nourish neurons.
12
Q
Tissue repair
A
is the process that replaces worn-out,
damaged, or dead cells.
13
Q
New cells
A
originate by cell division from the stroma, the supporting connective tissue, or from the parenchyma.
14
Q
fibrosis
A
if fibroblasts need to come in to repair the tissue, they synthesize materials that aggregate to form scar tissue
15
Q
at what ages do tissues heal faster
A
in the young- surgery in fetus will not leave a scar
16
Q
definition of tissue
A
group of cells with similar structure & function
17
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts; and forms glands.
18
Q
what are the 4 types of tissue
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
19
Q
connective tissue
A
protects and supports the body and its organs,
binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity
20
Q
muscular tissue
A
generates the physical force needed to make body structures move.
21
Q
nervous tissue
A
detect changes in inside and outside environments- trying to reach or maintain homeostasis
22
Q
example of epithelial tissue
A
outer covering of the skin, outer covering of some organs
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example of muscular tissue
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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example of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
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example of connective tissue
tendons and ligaments, cartilage
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difference between intracellular and extracellular
intracellular fluid is found within body cells while extracellular is found outside
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what is extracellular fluid
Fluid outside body cells
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example of intracellular fluid
proteins, nucleus, mitochondria (things within a cell)
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example of extracellular fluid
intestinal fluid, lymph, spinal fluid, breast milk
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what is meiosis
meiosis is the process
that produces gametes – sperm and oocytes. Each gamete contains half of the parent cell’s genetic information (23 chromosomes each).
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what is mitosis
During mitosis the duplicated chromosomes become exactly segregated, one set into each of two separate
nuclei.
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what are the 4 stages of mitosis
o Prophase
o Metaphase
o Anaphase
o Telophase
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purpose of mitosis
Mitosis is essential for growth
and for repair and replacement
of damaged cells.
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prophase
During early prophase, the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the light microscope
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metaphase
During metaphase, the centromeres of the chromatid pairs are aligned along the microtubules of the mitotic spindle at the exact center of the mitotic spindle. This plane of alignment of the centromeres is called the metaphase plate.
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anaphase
During anaphase the centromeres split, separating the two members of each chromatid pair, which move to opposite poles of the cell. Once separated, the chromatids are called chromosomes. As the chromosomes are pulled by the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during anaphase, they appear V‐shaped because the centromeres lead the way and seem to drag the trailing arms of the chromosomes toward the pole.
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telophase
The final stage of mitosis, telophase, begins after chromosomal movement stops. The identical sets of chromosomes, now at opposite poles of the cell, uncoil and revert to the threadlike chromatin form. A new nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, nucleoli appear, and eventually the mitotic spindle breaks up.
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how many chromosomes are produces in mitosis
cell divides into two identical
cells (46 chromosomes each)
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how many chromosomes are produced in meiosis
23 chromes
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purpose of meiosis
to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms.
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what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis
- Mitosis is the process by which most cells in the body divide, while meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced.
- Mitosis involves a single round of cell division, while meiosis involves two rounds of cell division.
- Mitosis produces two identical, diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four non-identical, haploid gametes.
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and is essential for growth and repair, while meiosis occurs in germ cells and is essential for sexual reproduction.
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passive transport/process
substance moves down its
concentration gradient through the membrane, using
only its own energy of motion (kinetic energy), include
simple diffusion and osmosis. “no energy required” ex diffusion
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active transport/process
– cellular energy, usually in the form of
ATP, is used to “push” the substance through the
membrane “uphill” against its concentration gradient. An
example is active transport. “requires energy”
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what are organelles
Specialized cellular structures with characteristic shapes and specific
functions
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what are the key organelles in an animal cell
nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, centrosomes
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nucleus
Nucleus: The control center of the cell, it stores the cell's genetic material (DNA) and coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
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mitochondria
Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, fueling the cell's functions.
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ribosomes
Ribosomes: These are the protein factories of the cell. They synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA).
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, it helps in the synthesis and modification of proteins.
Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
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Golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
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lysosomes
Lysosomes: These contain enzymes that digest and break down waste materials, cellular debris, and invading pathogens.
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peroxisomes
Peroxisomes: These organelles help in breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.
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cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers that maintain cell shape, support, and assist in cell movement and division.
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centrosomes
Centrosomes (with centrioles): Play a role in organizing microtubules and are crucial during cell division for the formation of the mitotic spindle.
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cell membrane
Cell Membrane: While not an organelle, it's essential for regulating what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis, and enabling communication with other cells.
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synthesis reaction
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine
to form new and larger molecules, the process is a
synthesis reaction (“to put together”).
All of the synthesis reactions that occur in your body
are collectively referred to as anabolism.
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decomposition
* In a decomposition reaction, a molecule is split apart. The word decompose means to break down into smaller parts.
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exchange reactions (double replacement)
s (single & double replacement)
occur as part of molecules trade places
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catalyzed reactions
Catalysts influence the rates of chemical reactions. They provide alternate pathways with a smaller activation energy which makes the reaction safer and more efficient.
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organic compounds
Organic compounds, by contrast, always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds.
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examples of organic compounds
Carbohydrates:
Function: Provide energy and structural support.
Examples: Sugars (glucose, fructose), starch, cellulose.
Proteins:
Function: Perform a variety of functions, including acting as enzymes, providing structure, and aiding in immune response.
Examples: Enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin.
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inorganic compounds
Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon, are structurally simple (made of one or two elements), and are held together by ionic or covalent bonds. They include water, many salts, acids, and bases.
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examples of inorganic compounds
Salts:
Function: Many salts play a role in biological processes, such as maintaining electrolyte balance.
Examples: Sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), potassium nitrate (KNO₃).
Acids:
Function: Acids participate in chemical reactions such as digestion and metabolic processes.
Examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), nitric acid (HNO₃).
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anatomical position
Anatomical position is when the subject stands erect
facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward.
* The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the
floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
* In the anatomical position, the body is upright.
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what are body cavities
Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.
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what does the dorsal cavities consist of
the cranial cavity
and vertebral canal
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cranial cavity
Cranial cavity: formed by skull (cranial bones) and contains the brain.
Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.
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vertebral canal
Spinal cavity: formed by the
vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord.
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what are the smaller cavities within the head?
Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.
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the ventral cavity
The ventral cavity is made up of the thoracic (chest) cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity, these 2 cavities are
separated by the diaphragm.
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Thoracic cavity
encloses the heart and lungs
* Within the thoracic cavity are three smaller cavities: the pericardial cavity, two pleural cavities, and the mediastinum
* The mediastinum divides the thorax into right and left halves.
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what are the three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity
the pericardial cavity, two pleural cavities, and the mediastinum
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pericardium
surrounds the heart, The visceral
pericardium covers the heart and the parietal pericardium makes up an outer sac. Serous fluid separates the two layers
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Abdominopelvic cavity
extends from the diaphragm to
the groin. As the name suggests, it is divided into two portions: abdominal and pelvic cavity.
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abdominal cavity
The upper portion, the abdominal cavity contains the abdominal organs - stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
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pelvic cavity
The lower portion, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.
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What does gastric,lumbar, and inguinal refer to
* Gastric refers to the stomach
* Lumbar refers to the lower back
* Inguinal refers to the pelvis
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The names of the nine abdominopelvic regions
refer to camera roll
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four quadrants
o right upper quadrant (RUQ)
o left upper quadrant (LUQ)
o right lower quadrant (RLQ)
o left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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orans in the left upper quadrant
Stomach,spleen,pancreas, left portion of liver, left portion of kidney
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Organs in the right upper quadrant
Liver (right lobe)
Gallbladder
Duodenum (part of the small intestine)
Right kidney
Part of the colon
Pancreas
Right adrenal gland
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Organs in the right Lower quadrant
Appendix
Cecum
Right ovary and fallopian tube (in females)
Part of the small intestine
Ascending colon
Right ureter
Uterus if enlarged (in women)
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Organs in the left lower quadrant
Descending colon and sigmoid colon
Small intestine
Left ureter
Left ovary and fallopian tube
Left spermatic cord (in males)
Bladder
Blood vessels and nerves
Sigmoid colon
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Anatomy
The science of structures and the relationships among structures
86
Define physiology
Is the science of body functions, that is how the body parts work.
87
Integumentary System
Components: Skin and structures
associated with it, such as hair, nails, and
sweat glands and oil glands
Functions: Helps regulate body
temperature; protects/covers the body;
eliminates some wastes; helps make
vitamin D; detects sensations such as
touch, pressure, pain, warmth, and cold;
stores fat and provides insulation
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Skeletal System
Components: Bones and joints of the body
and their associated cartilages and
ligaments
Functions: Supports and protects the body,
provides a specific area for muscle
attachment (framework), assists with body
movements, stores cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals (inorganic salts) and lipids (fats)
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Muscular System
Components: Specifically refers to skeletal
muscle tissue, which is muscle usually
attached to bones (other muscle tissues
include smooth and cardiac)
Functions: Participates in body movements
such as walking; maintains posture; and
produces body heat
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Nervous System
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
and special sense organs such as the eyes
and ears
Functions: Regulates body activities
through nerve impulses by detecting
changes in the environment, interpreting
the changes, and responding to the
changes by bringing about muscular
contractions or glandular secretions
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Endocrine System
Components: All glands and tissues that
produce chemical regulators of body
functions, called hormones
Functions: Regulates/coordinates body
activities through hormones transported by
the blood to various target organs
The endocrine system helps to integrate
metabolic functions.
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Cardiovascular System
Components: Blood, heart, and blood
vessels
Functions: Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and
wastes away from cells and helps regulate
acidity, temperature, and water content of
body fluids; blood components help defend
against disease and mend damaged blood
vessels
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Lymphatic System and Immunity
Components: Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and
lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes,
and tonsils; cells that carry out immune
responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
Drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity. Provides transport with c/v system.
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Respiratory System
Components: Lungs and air passageways
such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice
box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial
tubes within the lungs
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acidity of body fluids;
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Digestive System
Components: Organs of gastrointestinal
tract, including the mouth, pharynx
(throat), esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum, and anus; also
includes accessory digestive organs that
assist in digestive processes, such as the
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas
Functions: Physical and chemical
breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients;
eliminates solid wastes
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Urinary System
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, and urethra
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates
urine; eliminates wastes and regulates
volume and chemical composition of blood;
helps regulate acid–base balance of body
fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance;
helps regulate red blood cell production
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reproductive system
Components: Gonads (testes in males and
ovaries in females) and associated organs:
uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, and vagina in females, and epididymis, ductus (vas)
deferens, and penis in males; also, mammary glands in females; external genitalia
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or
oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
and release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes;
associated organs transport and store
gametes; mammary glands produce milk
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The six levels of organization of the human body
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal
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What are the 4 basic types of tissue in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
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What is the body positioning of the patient if they are laying face down
Prone
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What is the positioning of the body if the patient is face up
Supine
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What are the several major regions that can be identified externally
*head
*neck
*trunk
*upper limbs
*lower limbs
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What does superior mean
Toward the upper part of the body
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What does inferior mean
Towards the lower part of the body
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Posterior
Near or at the back of the body
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Anterior
Near or at the front of the body
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Medial
Nearer to the middle of the vertical line separating the left and right side of the body
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Lateral
Further from the midline
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Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure. Ex the gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral
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Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body form another structure
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Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning
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Distal
Fatter from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; fatter from the point of origin or the beginning
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Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
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Deep (Internal)
Away from the surface of the body
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Ventral
Relating to the underside of the body (abdominal)
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Dorsal
Relating relating to the upper or or back side of the body
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Peripheral
Away from the middle
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Central
At or near the middle
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4 major planes
Midsagittal plane
Frontal or coronal plane
Transverse plane
Oblique plane
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Midsagittal plane
Divided into left and ride side
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Frontal or coronal plane
Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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Transverse or cross sectional plane
Divides the body or an organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
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Oblique plane
Passes through the body or organ at an angle between the other planes
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Appendicular
Upper and lower limbs
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Axial
Head neck and trunk
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What are organs within cavities called
Visceral
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Parietal
Means pertaining to the wall of cavity
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Cellular level
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Cells are the smallest living units. Types of cells in the human body include muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells
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System level
System consist of related organs that contribute to a common function. Organs join together to form a system similar to the way paragraphs are put together to form chapters
129
Organismal level
Is the largest level of organization. All of the systems of the body combine to make up an organism
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