Quiz #7- Chapters 11 and 12 Respiratory and Digestive System Flashcards

Question

Nasopharynx

Answer 1

Uppermost portion of pharynx Contains adenoid tonsil Eustachian tube openings

Answer 2

Behind mouth Contains palatine and lingual tonsils Lymphatic tissue for pathogen destruction

Answer 3

Most inferior portion Opens to larynx and esophagus Involved in swallowing reflex

Answer 4

voice Box Connects pharynx and trachea Composed of 9 cartilage pieces connected by ligaments

Answer 5

main components: thyroid cartilage epiglottis cricoid cartilage primary: arytenoid cartilages, false vocal cords, and true vocal cords.

Answer 6

The thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) – largest cartilage found on the anterior sided of the neck

Answer 7

The epiglottis is the most superior cartilage in the larynx, it has a flap that closes over the top of the airway when we swallow to prevent food/fluids from going into the airway.

Answer 8

just below the thyroid cartilage. helps prevent the airway from collapsing.

Answer 9

Pitch is controlled by the tension of the vocal folds. If they are pulled taut, they vibrate more rapidly and a higher pitch results when air passes over them. Lower sounds are produced by decreasing the muscular tension.

Answer 10

within the larynx made up of the vocal folds which are two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane. * The upper pair is the false vocal cords. * The lower pair is the true vocal folds

Answer 11

📌 The trachea extends for 4-5 inches from the larynx down into the thoracic cavity. 📌 It is supported by C-shaped cartilage rings, which prevent it from collapsing. 📌 The trachea is lined with ciliated epithelium, which helps trap particles and move them up and out of the respiratory system. 📌 At the bottom, the trachea splits into the right and left primary bronchi, which lead into the lungs. (left goes to left lung and right goes to right lung)

Answer 12

separate the left and right lung medially

Answer 13

lobules are the smallest functional units within the lobes of the lungs. Each lobule contains: Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels (arterioles and venules) Nerves Connective tissues Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli The alveoli are where the actual gas exchange happens between the air and the blood. The lobules allow the lungs to be divided into these smaller, organized units.

Answer 14

Soft, cone-shaped organ Separated by mediastinum Enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage Pleural membrane layers: Parietal pleura (outer, lines the thoracic cavity) Visceral pleura (inner, attached to lung)

Answer 15

Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the blood and the air in the lungs occurs across the thin respiratory membrane. The respiratory membrane consists of the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers

Answer 16

The alveoli are the only sites of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood. * The tiny sacs are clustered at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts. * They are the functional units of the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Answer 17

Alveolar Type I cells – made up of simple squamous epithelium, thin walls to diffuse gases

Answer 18

produce pulmonary surfactant (a lipid rich film) that mixes with the tissue fluid lining to decrease surface tension to permit inflation of alveoli (Wet plastic-bag principle)

Answer 19

Phagocytize foreign material

Answer 20

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing, the flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to differences in air pressure. It involves inspiration and expiration

Answer 21

inspiration is the process of air flowing into the lungs due to the decrease in pressure inside compared to outside. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles work together to make this happen.

Answer 22

📌 During inspiration, the pressure inside the lungs decreases compared to the atmospheric pressure outside. 📌 This lower pressure inside the lungs causes air from the outside to flow into the lungs. 📌 The main muscles involved in inspiration are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. 📌 As these muscles contract, they increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing the lungs to expand and air to be drawn in. 📌 The expansion of the lungs is also aided by the elastic recoil of the lung tissues and the surface tension-lowering effects of pulmonary surfactant.

Answer 23

expiration is the process of air flowing out of the lungs due to the increase in pressure inside compared to outside. The intercostal and abdominal muscles work together to make this happen.

Answer 24

📌 During expiration, the pressure inside the lungs increases compared to the atmospheric pressure outside. 📌 This higher pressure inside the lungs causes air to flow out of the lungs to the outside. 📌 The main muscles involved in expiration are the internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles (like the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis), and the muscles that compress the abdomen. 📌 As these muscles contract, they decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, forcing the air out of the lungs. 📌 Expiration is also aided by the elastic recoil of the lung and chest wall tissues, as well as the surface tension-lowering effects of pulmonary surfactant.

Answer 25

The measurement of different air volumes is called spirometry, and it describes 4 distinct respiratory volumes

Answer 26

One inspiration followed by expiration is called a respiratory cycle

Answer 27

the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the tidal volume (TV)

Answer 28

During forced inspiration, an additional volume, the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), can be inhaled into the lungs.

Answer 29

IRV + TV gives us the inspiratory capacity.

Answer 30

is air remaining in the bronchial tree.

Answer 31

-coughing -sneezing -sighing -yawning -sobbing -crying -laughing -hiccupping

Answer 32

A long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a strong exhalation that suddenly sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages; stimulus for this reflex act may be a foreign body lodged in the larynx, trachea, or epiglottis

Answer 33

Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth; stimulus may be an irritation of the nasal mucosa

Answer 34

A long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation

Answer 35

A deep inhalation through the widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible; may be stimulated by drowsiness, fatigue, or someone else's yawning, but precise cause is unknown

Answer 36

A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation

Answer 37

An inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations, during which the vocal folds vibrate; accompanied by characteristic facial expressions and tears

Answer 38

The same basic movements as crying, but the rhythm of the movements and the facial expressions usually differ from those of crying

Answer 39

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the larynx, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation; stimulus is usually irritation of the sensory nerve endings of the gastrointestinal trac

Answer 40

The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure.

Answer 41

Air is a mixture of gases—nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and others—each of which contributes to the total air pressure.

Answer 42

In external and internal respiration O2 and CO2 move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure

Answer 43

(pulmonary gas exchange) is the exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary blood capillaries

Answer 44

(systemic gas exchange) is the exchange of gases between systemic tissue capillaries and systemic tissue cells.

Answer 45

A deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues

Answer 46

Oxyhemoglobin is like a special delivery truck for oxygen in your blood! 🚚💨 Here's how it works: Hemoglobin = Protein in red blood cells 🔴 When hemoglobin picks up oxygen, it becomes "oxyhemoglobin" Over 98.5% of oxygen travels in your blood this way! 🫁 * Oxyhemoglobin is unstable in areas where the concentration of oxygen is low and gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas

Answer 47

Inhaled air is 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide

Answer 48

Exhaled air is 16% oxygen and 4.5% carbon dioxide

Answer 49

About 7% is dissolved in plasma, 23% combines with the globin of hemoglobin, and 70% is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3–)

Answer 50

Normal breathing is a rhythmic, involuntary act even though the muscles are under voluntary control

Answer 51

normal breathing (12 – 20/min, quiet & easy

Answer 52

no breathing

Answer 53

difficulty breathing

Answer 54

1. The medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata (rhythmicity). 2. The pontine respiratory group in the pons (pneumotaxic)

Answer 55

The inspiratory area sends signals to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, telling them to contract. This causes inhalation, as air is drawn into the lungs. The inspiratory area works together with other parts of the respiratory center, like the pneumotaxic area in the pons, to regulate the overall rate and depth of our breathing.

Answer 56

The inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of our breathing. This area contains neurons that send out regular signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, telling them when to contract and relax.

Answer 57

Respirations refer to the overall process of breathing - the inhalation and exhalation of air in and out of the lungs. This is a vital function that allows our bodies to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

Answer 58

dorsal respiratory group (DRG) ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Answer 59

The DRG is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing. Neurons in this area transmit impulses that cause the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to contract for approximately 2 seconds followed by 3 seconds of inactivity.

Answer 60

The VRG has a cluster of neurons called the pre-Botzinger complex that acts as a pacemaker for the DRG. This contributes to the regular rhythm of breathing, and as well this area becomes more active when more forceful breathing is required. Neurons in this area then create impulses that stimulate the accessory muscles of breathing.

Answer 61

The Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) within the pons modifies the basic respiratory rhythm during periods of exercise and/or speaking.

Answer 62

* Neurons in the Pneumotaxic area that shorten the duration of inspiration so that the rate of respirations increases * Neurons in the Apneustic area that prolong duration of inhalation for long deep inhalation (increased depth of respirations).

Answer 63

chemicals lung tissue stretching emotional state

Answer 64

If either CO2 or H+ ion concentrations rise, the central chemoreceptors signal the respiratory center, and breathing rate increases. These gases are our main stimulus to breathe

Answer 65

lowers the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and therefore impulses will strive to slow respiratory rate.

Answer 66

Limbic system – anticipation of activity or emotion can stimulate

Answer 67

Proprioception (body position) – stimulates on start of activity

Answer 68

Temperature – warming increases respiratory rate

Answer 69

* Sudden pain → apnea * Prolonged somatic pain can increase rate while visceral pain can slow the rate

Answer 70

Airway irritation – cough or sneeze

Answer 71

*Limbic system *Proprioception (body position) * Temperature * Pain * Airway irritation

Answer 72

The abrupt increase in ventilation at the start of exercise is due to neural changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata.

Answer 73

The more gradual increase in ventilation during moderate exercise is due to chemical and physical changes in the bloodstream

Answer 74

- the alveoli, become less elastic and more rigid -the chest wall becomes more rigid as well. The result is a decrease in vital lung capacity - Elderly people are more susceptible to pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia, emphysema, bronchitis, and other pulmonary disorders - Aging also leads to decrease in blood O2 levels, decreased exercise capacity, and decreased macrophage activity

Answer 75

refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that nutrients can be absorbed by cells.

Answer 76

breaking down of food into smaller pieces to increase surface area, consists of mixing waves that macerate food and mix it with gastric juice, forming chyme

Answer 77

enzymes breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler molecules, with each specific enzyme being specific to the food it will break down

Answer 78

is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains food from the time it is eaten until it is digested and absorbed or eliminated from the body.

Answer 79

mouth (oral cavity) pharynx, esophagus, stomach small intestine large intestine (also called bowel or colon).

Answer 80

16.5–23 ft. in living people

Answer 81

The teeth tongue, salivary glands liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Answer 82

Ingestion - eating 2. Secretion– release of water, enzymes, acids, & buffers 3. Mixing and propulsion – movement of food products along the GI tract 4. Digestion – mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods 5. Absorption – getting food molecules into the body (blood and lymph) 6. Defecation – elimination of feces

Answer 83

release of water, enzymes, acids, & buffers

Answer 84

– movement of food products along the GI tract

Answer 85

getting food molecules into the body (blood and lymph

Answer 86

elimination of feces

Answer 87

mucosa submucosa, muscularis, and serosa and peritoneum.

Answer 88

lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

Answer 89

the visceral peritoneum covers organs in the cavity

Answer 90

The peritoneum binds organs to each other and to the walls. Folds within the peritoneum contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Answer 91

mesentery and greater omentum

Answer 92

is a large protective “apron” that is a flap of peritoneum that hangs over the top of the abdominal organs and serves a protective function for the abdominal organs

Answer 93

is another part of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. Otherwise, the small intestine is rather loosely secured.

Answer 94

Inner layer is the mucosa – a mucous memberane. * Lined with epithelium tissue that is attached to a connective tissue layer and a thin muscular layer. * It protects secretion tissues of the GI tract and carries on and absorption

Answer 95

Made up of skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus as well as the external sphincter. * Smooth muscle layers with inner circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers make up the rest of the tract. * These muscles propel food through the canal. * The muscular contractions of the GI tract (controlled by impulses from the enteric nervous system – control GI behavior independent of CNS) are called peristalsis. * Mixing movements in the stomach occur when smooth muscle contract rhythmically in small sections. * The ability of the GI tract to mix and move food along its length is called motility

Answer 96

The muscular contractions of the GI tract (controlled by impulses from the enteric nervous system – control GI behavior independent of CNS)

Answer 97

The ability of the GI tract to mix and move food along its length

Answer 98

Outer layer = visceral peritoneum * Largest serous membrane of the body. * It protects underlying tissues and secretes serous fluid to keep the GI tract from sticking to other tissues in the abdominal cavity

Answer 99

to receive food and begins mechanical digestion by mastication

Answer 100

Lips are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. Contain sensory receptors to help judge the temperature and texture of food

Answer 101

formed by the cheeks (lateral walls), hard and soft palates, lips, and tongue

Answer 102

forms the floor of the oral cavity. It is composed of thick skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane. The superior surface and lateral areas of the tongue are covered with papillae.

Answer 103

Papillae are the tiny bumps or projections on the surface of the tongue. They help provide texture and friction to assist with moving food around in your mouth during chewing and swallowing. The papillae contain your taste buds, which allow you to detect different tastes like sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. This helps you enjoy the flavors of the foods you eat! 🍔🍕

Answer 104

are lymphatic tissue located in the root of the tongue

Answer 105

the thing that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Answer 106

Motor impulses come to the tongue via cranial nerve #12

Answer 107

Glands in the tongue secrete lingual lipase which digests triglycerides once in the acid environment of the stomach

Answer 108

hypoglossal and sensory impulses from the receptors in taste buds travel through cranial nerve #7 and cranial nerve #9 – glossopharyngeal.

Answer 109

The salivary glands secrete saliva, which moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, allows tasting, helps to cleanse the mouth and teeth, and begins carbohydrate digestion

Answer 110

parotid submandibular sublingual

Answer 111

Saliva lubricates food and starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

Answer 112

are accessory digestive organs located in bony sockets of the mandible and maxillae

Answer 113

crown, root, and neck.

Answer 114

Each tooth consists of a crown and a root, and is made of enamel, dentin, pulp, cementin, nerves, and blood vessels. and are covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the body. * A tooth is held tight in its socket by a periodontal ligament

Answer 115

deciduous and permanent

Answer 116

Through mastication, food is mixed with saliva and shaped into a bolus

Answer 117

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of starches in the mouth

Answer 118

The soft palate and uvula function to close off the nasal cavity during swallowing

Answer 119

they are lymphatic tissue, help to protect the body against infection

Answer 120

forms the roof the oral cavity and has an anterior hard palate and a posterior soft palate

Answer 121

Another lymphatic tissue mass, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx, above the border of the soft palate.

Answer 122

Salivary glands contain serous cells that produce a watery fluid with amylase, and mucous cells that produce a lubricating and binding mucus. * Salivary glands receive parasympathetic stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume of saliva at the sight or smell of food.

Answer 123

lying in front of the ear, are the largest of the major salivary glands; they secrete a clear, watery fluid rich in amylase

Answer 124

The submandibular glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid

Answer 125

The sublingual glands, inferior to the tongue, are the smallest of the major salivary glands and secrete a saliva that is thick and stringy

Answer 126

The pharynx is a cavity lying behind the mouth, The pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus and is divided into: * Nasopharynx (top portion) * Oropharynx (middle portion) * Laryngopharynx (bottom portion

Answer 127

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It's about 4-5 inches long and helps move food from your mouth down into your stomach.

Answer 128

It has two sphincters - the upper esophageal sphincter (made of skeletal muscle) and the lower esophageal sphincter (made of smooth muscle). These help control the movement of food. It uses peristalsis, which are wave-like muscle contractions, to push food down towards the stomach.

Answer 129

The pharynx is a funnel-shaped cavity that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. composed of skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane. It's an important part of both the respiratory and digestive systems.

Answer 130

Nasopharynx (top portion) Oropharynx (middle portion) Laryngopharynx (bottom portion)

Answer 131

It contains lymphoid tissue like the palatine and lingual tonsils, which help protect against infections. It's involved in swallowing, as the muscles in the pharynx contract to push food from the mouth into the esophagus.

Answer 132

the chewed food mixed with saliva

Answer 133

voluntary stage involuntary stage or pharyngeal stage. esophageal stage

Answer 134

A voluntary stage, from the mouth to the oropharynx the bolus is forced into the oropharynx by the tongue

Answer 135

Sensory receptors in the pharynx sense food, breathing is temporarily interrupted when the soft palate and uvula move upward and the epiglottis seals off the larynx and the vocal cords come together

Answer 136

An involuntary esophageal stage. Peristalsis transports the food in the esophagus to the stomach

Answer 137

The stomach is a J-shaped muscular organ located right below the diaphragm.

Answer 138

It receives and mixes food with digestive juices It acts as a holding reservoir for food It slowly propels food into the small intestine

Answer 139

Cardia - surrounds the upper opening Fundus - the upper, left portion Body - the large central portion Pylorus - the lower part leading to the small intestine Can friendly bears play

Answer 140

- mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. This allows for mechanical digestion (mixing) and chemical digestion (with enzymes like pepsin).

Answer 141

Between the pylorus and duodenum

Answer 142

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in many large folds, called rugae, which provide more surface area and the ability to expand.

Answer 143

The main event of chemical digestion in the stomach is the beginning of protein digestion by the enzyme pepsin (chief cells), which breaks peptide bonds between the amino acids of proteins.

Answer 144

Mucus secreted by mucous cells coats the mucosa, forming a thick barrier between the cells of the stomach lining and the gastric juice

Answer 145

Lingual lipase produced by the tongue digests triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides in the acid environment of the stomach.

Answer 146

The stomach wall is impermeable to most substances. Mucous cells of the stomach absorb some water, ions, and short-chain fatty acids, as well as certain drugs (especially aspirin) and alcohol.

Answer 147

1. Mucous neck cells 2. Chief cells 3. Parietal cells

Answer 148

Mucous neck cells – produce mucus that protects the stomach lining.

Answer 149

– secrete pepsinogen which once in contact with hydrochloric acid, becomes activated into pepsin which is an enzyme that digests proteins.

Answer 150

Parietal cells – secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (required for vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine).

Answer 151

secrete the hormone gastrin into the bloodstream.

Answer 152

Following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the food into chyme and pass it toward the pyloric region using peristaltic waves The rate at which the stomach empties depends on the fluidity of the chyme and the type of food

Answer 153

The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions

Answer 154

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes like amylase, trypsin, and lipase that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These enzymes are secreted into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct.

Answer 155

The pancreas also contains clusters of cells called the islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon. These hormones help regulate blood sugar levels.

Answer 156

It's closely associated with the small intestine and liver. The pancreatic and bile ducts join before emptying into the duodenum. The pancreatic enzymes are released in an inactive form and get activated once they reach the small intestine.

Answer 157

small clusters of glandular epithelial cells

Answer 158

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest starch (pancreatic amylase); proteins (carboxypeptidase trypsin, chymotrypsin); triglycerides (pancreatic lipase); and nucleic acids (RNA/DNA)

Answer 159

Amylase – converts starch to maltose * Trypsin – converts polypeptides to peptides * Lipase – converts emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 160

Cholecystokinin from the wall of the small intestine stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with abundant digestive enzymes

Answer 161

The hormone secretin, from the duodenum, stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with high bicarbonate ion concentration but few digestive enzymes. This assists with raising the pH and neutralizing the HCl in stomach chyme.

Answer 162

The liver is the largest internal organ in the body and is located in the upper right part of the abdomen, behind the stomach. Structurally, the liver is divided into left and right lobes. It has a fibrous capsule and is made up of tiny functional units called hepatic lobules.

Answer 163

It produces bile, which helps digest and absorb fats in the small intestine. It filters blood and removes toxins, drugs, and other harmful substances. It stores vitamins and minerals like iron and vitamin A. It helps regulate blood sugar levels and metabolism. It breaks down and recycles old red blood cells.

Answer 164

The gallbladder is a small sac-like organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates the bile produced by the liver. A sphincter muscle controls the release of bile from the common bile duct

Answer 165

Bile is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells secrete. Bile includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes

Answer 166

The small intestine is a long, narrow tube that connects the stomach to the large intestine. It's about 10 feet long

Answer 167

Duodenum - the first and shortest section, right after the stomach Jejunum - the middle section Ileum - the final section before the large intestine

Answer 168

It completes the digestion of food that started in the stomach. It absorbs the majority of nutrients from the digested food. It has a large surface area with features like villi and microvilli to maximize absorption. It receives secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder to aid digestion.

Answer 169

About 90% of all absorption takes place in the small intestine. The other 10% occurs in the stomach and large intestine

Answer 170

Absorption is the passage of nutrients from digested food in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph. It occurs mostly in the small intestine by means of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

Answer 171

monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They are the basic units that make up more complex carbohydrates like disaccharides and polysaccharides. The three main monosaccharides are: Glucose Fructose Galactose These monosaccharides are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine. The liver can then convert fructose and galactose into glucose, which is the body's preferred source of energy.

Answer 172

The large intestine is the final section of the digestive tract, connecting the small intestine to the anus. It's about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter. The large intestine lacks the villi and digestive enzymes of the small intestine, so it does not absorb nutrients. Instead, it absorbs water and electrolytes to form solid waste (feces) that is then eliminated.

Answer 173

Absorbing water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter Storing waste before it is eliminated from the body Producing some vitamins through bacterial action

Answer 174

Cecum (pouch at the beginning) Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) Rectum Anal canal

Answer 175

Defecation is stimulated by a defecation reflex action that forces feces into the rectum where they can be expelled

Answer 176

Teniae coli are three approximately 8-mm-wide longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the colon wall. 9. They are parallel, equally distributed, and form a triple helix structure from the appendix to the sigmoid colon.

Answer 177

Fibers of longitudinal muscle are arranged in teniae coli that extend the entire length of the colon, creating a series of pouches called haustra the small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance. The taenia coli runs the length of the large intestine.

Answer 178

The intestinal phase of digestion begins once food enters the small intestine. In addition, gastric motility and gastric secretion decrease in order to slow the exit of chyme from the stomach, which prevents the small intestine from being overloaded with more chyme than it can handle

Answer 179

Decreased secretory mechanisms - The stomach, pancreas, and other organs produce fewer digestive enzymes and secretions. Reduced motility - The muscles of the digestive tract become less coordinated and efficient at moving food along. Loss of strength and tone - The supporting structures and muscles of the digestive organs weaken over time.

Answer 180

Loss of taste sensation Hernias Peptic ulcers Constipation Hemorrhoids Diverticular diseases These changes can make digestion and nutrient absorption more difficult for older adults. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle becomes even more important as we age.

Answer 181

Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to sustain life. It's an energy-balancing act between two key processes: Anabolism - The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler substances. This is a constructive process that requires energy. Catabolism - The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. This is a destructive process that releases energy.

Answer 182

Enzymes act as critical catalysts that speed up these chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 183

The key link between anabolic and catabolic reactions is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cellular processes convert nutrients into usable energy through complex metabolic pathways like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Answer 184

Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, are organic compounds used for sources of energy in the diet. * Carbohydrates are ingested in a variety of forms: starch from grains, glycogen from meat, and disaccharide and monosaccharide sugars from fruits and vegetables

Answer 185

Malnutrition is poor nutrition that results either from a lack of essential nutrients or a failure to utilize them; malnutrition may result from undernutrition or overnutrition

Answer 186

1. To supply energy for sustaining life processes. 2. To serve as building blocks for the synthesis of more complex molecules, such as muscle proteins, hormones, and enzymes. 3. Storage for future use.

Answer 187

Nutrients are chemical substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance, and repair. Nutrition is the process by which the body takes in and uses nutrients

Answer 188

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, minerals, and vitamins.

Answer 189

are specific nutrient molecules that the body cannot make and must be obtained from the diet

Answer 190

1. Radiation 2. Conduction 3. Convection 4. Evaporation

Answer 191

Heat is a form of energy that can be measured as temperature and expressed in units called calories. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 C

Answer 192

Calorie is the unit of heat used to express the caloric value of foods and to measure the body’s metabolic rate.

Answer 193

The rate at which this heat is produced, the metabolic rate. * The metabolic rate is affected by: exercise, hormones, the nervous system, body temperature, ingestion of food, age, gender, climate, sleep, and nutrition. * Measurement is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 194

Most of the heat produced by the body comes from the catabolism

Answer 195

anabolism is the constructive, building-up phase of metabolism. It requires the input of energy to create larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones. Some examples of anabolic processes in the body include: Synthesizing proteins from amino acids Converting glucose into glycogen for storage Producing triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism, which is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Together, anabolism and catabolism make up the overall metabolic balance in the body.

Answer 196

Proteins functions: enzymes, transportation (hemoglobin) or antibodies, clotting factors, hormones, actin and myosin in muscle, and structural components of the body.

Answer 197

Anabolism consists of reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules.

Answer 198

Catabolism consists of reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones.

Answer 199

Lipids are organic substances that supply energy for cellular processes and to build structures Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Answer 200

The most common dietary lipids are triglycerides. Triglycerides are found in animal and plant-based foods. * Saturated fats are found in foods of animal origin. * Unsaturated fats are found in foods of plant origin. * Cholesterol is found only in foods of animal origin.

Answer 201

Lipolysis - First, the triglycerides (fats) are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids through a process called lipolysis. Beta-Oxidation - The fatty acids then undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. This involves a series of reactions that progressively break down the fatty acid chains, releasing acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA Entry into Krebs Cycle - The acetyl-CoA produced from beta-oxidation can then enter the Krebs cycle, where it is further broken down to generate ATP through the electron transport chain. in summary the body catabolizes fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA, which feeds into the Krebs cycle to generate usable energy in the form of ATP

Answer 202

What is it? The process of breaking down triglycerides (fats) into smaller parts 🧩 Specifically, splitting fat into glycerol and fatty acids 💥 Who's involved? 🕵️ Hormones like: Epinephrine Norepinephrine Cortisol Why does it happen? To produce energy (ATP) 🔋 Help your body use stored fat for fuel 🚀 How it works: Triglycerides get split apart Fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle for energy production 💪

Answer 203

the liver converts some acetyl CoA molecules into substances known as ketone bodies.

Answer 204

Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids linked together in a specific sequence. They have a wide variety of functions, including serving as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components. Protein sources can be classified as: Complete proteins - Found in animal-based foods, contain all essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins - Found in plant-based foods, missing one or more essential amino acids.

Answer 205

Tissue growth and repair Energy production through conversion to glucose Synthesis of new proteins

Answer 206

is a key metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It's an important part of cellular respiration and energy production. The Krebs cycle is a crucial part of the overall process that allows cells to efficiently extract energy from glucose and other nutrients.

Answer 207

It is the second stage of glucose metabolism, following glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA enters and undergoes a series of chemical reactions. These reactions transfer chemical energy to electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. The Krebs cycle also produces some ATP directly, as well as carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. The energy-rich electrons from NADH and FADH2 then feed into the electron transport chain, which is the final stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 208

The electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration, and it's a crucial part of the process that allows cells to produce ATP. The electron transport chain is the most efficient way for cells to generate large amounts of ATP from the breakdown of nutrients like glucose.

Answer 209

It occurs in the mitochondria, right after the Krebs cycle. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and electron carriers that transfer electrons in a controlled manner. As the electrons move through the chain, they release energy that is used to pump protons (H+ ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which then drives the enzyme ATP synthase to produce the majority of the cell's ATP. The electron transport chain is an aerobic process, meaning it requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Quiz #7- Chapters 11 and 12 Respiratory and Digestive System Flashcards

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