Quiz #8 Urinary and Reproductive System Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
The kidneys help maintain homeostasis throughout the
body by performing the following functions:
A
o Regulation of ion levels in the blood
o Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
o Regulation of blood pH
o Production of hormones
2
Q
what does the urinary system consist of
A
- two kidneys
- two ureters
- one urinary bladder
- one urethra
3
Q
Examples of wastes that are toxic if high enough levels are in the blood include:
A
urea, creatinine, and
ammonia
4
Q
Wastes are eliminated from the body by:
A
Urinary system (urea, creatinine, ammonia)
* Large bowel (feces)
* Lungs (carbon dioxide)
* Skin (excess water and salts, small amount of urea)
5
Q
Kidney Location and Appearance
A
Sits between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae
Reddish-brown color
Bean-shaped
About 12 cm long
Wrapped in a tough, fibrous capsule 🫘
6
Q
Internal Kidney Regions
A
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Special Areas
7
Q
Hilum
A
Area where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter/exit the kidney
8
Q
Kidney functions
A
Blood Volume Regulation
Electrolyte Management
pH Balance
Tissue Fluid Regulation
9
Q
Blood Volume Regulation:
A
- Control how much water stays or leaves the body
- Adjust blood pressure 💧
10
Q
Internally, the kidneys consist of:
A
a renal cortex
renal medulla,
renal pyramids
renal columns
and major and minor calyces that
drain into the renal pelvis.
Small renal papillae project into each minor calyx
11
Q
where does blood enter and leave the kidney
A
Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and leaves
through the renal vein
12
Q
Renal Cortex:
A
- Outer layer
- Contains the nephrons (tiny filtering units) 🔬
13
Q
Renal Medulla:
A
-Inner region
- Houses tubes leading to kidney tips (papillae) 🧪
14
Q
Blood Volume Regulation:
A
- Control how much water stays or leaves the body
- Adjust blood pressure 💧
15
Q
Special Areas:
A
Renal Pyramids
Renal Columns
Major and Minor Calyce
16
Q
Electrolyte Management:
A
-Balance mineral levels in blood
Keep ions just right
17
Q
pH Balance
A
-Control blood acidity/alkalinity
-Manage hydrogen and bicarbonate ions 🧪
18
Q
Tissue Fluid Regulation:
A
- Maintain fluid balance throughout body 💦
19
Q
secondary functions of the kidney
A
Red Blood Cell Production
Secrete erythropoietin hormone
Help make new blood cells 🩸
Blood Pressure Control
Produce renin hormone
Help regulate cardiovascular system 💓
Vitamin D Activation
Create calcitriol hormone
Help calcium absorption 🦴
Waste Removal! 🗑️
20
Q
Waste Removal in kidneys
A
Filter out toxins like urea, creatinine, ammonia
Basically your body’s natural cleaning system!
21
Q
The two parts that make up a renal corpuscle are the
A
the glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
22
Q
The functional units of the kidney are called:
A
The functional units of the kidney are called the nephrons,
numbering about a million in each kidney
23
Q
A nephron consists of two parts:
A
a renal corpuscle where blood
plasma is filtered and a renal tubule into which the filtered fluid
passes. The renal corpuscle is made up of a ball of capillaries.
24
Q
the three main sections of the renal tubule
A
the three main sections of the renal tubule are the proximal
convoluted tubule, the nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and distal
convoluted tubule. Each nephron also has its own blood supply.
25
collecting duct
Final pathway for urine formation
Receives fluid from multiple nephrons
26
Key Functions of the collecting duct
Urine Concentration
Removes extra water 💧
Helps control body's hydration
Hormone Interaction
Responds to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Adjusts water reabsorption 🔬
27
Location of the collecting duct
Connects nephron to renal pelvis
Passes through renal medulla 🏞️
28
Blood Supply of a Nephron
The glomerulus receives blood from a fairly large
afferent arteriole and passes it to a smaller efferent
arteriole.
* The efferent arteriole gives rise to the peritubular
capillary system, which surrounds the renal tubule
29
macula densa.
Special group of epithelial cells
Located in the distal convoluted tubule 🧬
30
location and key function of macula densa.
Location:
- Right next to blood vessels
-Sits where afferent and efferent arterioles meet 🩸
Key Function:
- Sodium sensor for the kidney 🧂
- Monitors sodium chloride concentration in tubular fluid
31
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
Special communication system in the kidney
Tiny but mighty regulatory mechanism 🌟
Primary Function:
-Control renin secretion
-Regulate blood pressure 🩸
32
Components of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
Macula Densa Cells
and
Juxtaglomerular Cells:
33
Juxtaglomerular Cells:
Smooth muscle cells on the afferent arteriole
Located near the macula densa
"Juxta" means "near" or "beside"
Their main job: Control RENIN secretion
34
How JGA Works:
When sodium levels drop, macula densa signals JG cells
JG cells release renin hormone
Triggers series of reactions to:
Increase blood volume
Raise blood pressure 📈
35
What is the Renal Corpuscle (filtration site) made up of?
It's made up of two main parts:
Glomerulus: A tiny ball of capillaries 🔬
Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule: The expanded end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus 🏀
36
How Does Renal Corpuscle (filtration site) Work?
Imagine it like a super-selective strainer:
Blood enters through an afferent arteriole
Pressure forces water and small solutes through the capillary walls
Large things like blood cells and proteins stay behind 🛡️
The filtered fluid enters the Bowman's capsule
37
Renal Tubule (fluid transport)
It's like a magical transport tube where fluid gets sorted, cleaned, and processed after initial filtration. Think of it as a super-smart conveyor belt for your body's fluids! 🔬
38
Key Sections (in order of fluid flow) of Renal Tubule:
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
2. Loop of Henle:
3. Distal Convoluted Tubule:
39
Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
-First stop after filtration
-Uses carrier proteins to reabsorb important stuff
-Recovers water, glucose, amino acids 🧪
40
Loop of Henle:
Loop of Henle:
- Helps concentrate urine
- Manages water and salt balance 💧
41
Distal Convoluted Tubule:
-Fine-tunes mineral and ion balance
-Adjusts what stays or goes 🔍
42
Functions of Renal Tubule:
Reabsorption: Keeps what your body needs 🏆
Secretion: Kicks out waste and extra stuff 🚮
Transport: Moves fluid through the kidney 🚂
43
Glomerular Filtration
It's the FIRST STEP of urine production - like a microscopic blood cleaning party! 🎉
44
how does Glomerular Filtration work?
Blood Enters the Glomerulus:
Comes through the afferent arteriole
Packed with water, solutes, and nutrients 💉
Filtration Pressure Magic:
Blood pressure pushes fluid through capillary walls
Only SMALL things can pass through 🛡️
Big stuff like blood cells and proteins STAY BEHIND
45
pressures involved in Glomerular Filtration
Hydrostatic Pressure: Pushes fluid out
Osmotic Pressure: Tries to keep fluid in
Capsule Pressure: Resists filtration
46
What Passes Through Glomerular Filtration:
Water
Ions
Glucose
Small waste molecules
47
Tubular Processes
The tubular processes are all about keeping your body's internal environment perfectly balanced.
Keeps what the body needs ✅
Removes what the body doesn't need ❌
48
key purposes of Tubular Processes
-Selective Recovery 🧲
-Waste Removal 🚮
-Blood Composition Control 🩸
49
Selective Recovery 🧲 (Tubular Processes)
Reabsorption saves ESSENTIAL substances
Prevents losing valuable:
Water 💧
Glucose 🍬
Amino acids 🥚
Minerals and ions 🔋
50
Waste Removal 🚮 (Tubular Processes)
Secretion kicks out:
Toxic substances
Excess drugs
Extra ions
Metabolic waste products
51
Blood Composition Control 🩸 (Tubular Processes)
Maintains perfect blood chemistry
Regulates:
pH levels
Electrolyte balance
Blood volume
52
Where does Reabsorption happen and it’s purpose
Location: Primarily in Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Goal: Save valuable substances before they're lost in urine 🚰
53
What Gets Reabsorbed? 🧲
Water 💧
Glucose 🍬
Amino Acids 🥚
Ions ⚡
Sodium
Chloride
potassium
54
Reabsorption Mechanisms:
Active Transport:
Uses energy
Moves substances against concentration gradient
Carrier proteins work hard! 🚚
Passive Transport:
Follows concentration gradients
No energy required
Substances flow naturally 🌊
55
Secretion:
Key Purpose:
Transport substances FROM blood INTO renal tubule
Final chance to remove waste before urine formation 🛡️
56
What Gets Secreted? 🗑️
Waste Products
Urea
Creatinine
Ammonia
Excess Substances
Drugs
Excess ions
Hydrogen ions
57
Active Transport:
Active Transport:
Uses energy
Moves substances against concentration gradient
Carrier proteins do the heavy lifting! 💪
Specific Targets:
Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
Potassium ions (K⁺)
Organic compounds
58
Transport Details
Occurs in peritubular capillaries
Last chance to remove unwanted substances
Helps maintain blood chemistry balance 🩸
59
Urine Formation Stages
Glomerular Filtration 🚰
Tubular Reabsorption 🧲
Tubular Secretion 🚮
60
Glomerular Filtration
First stage of urine production
Blood plasma filtered through glomerular capillaries
Controlled by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures
About 180 liters filtered DAILY! 🤯
61
Tubular Reabsorption
Selective substance recovery
Uses carrier proteins
Saves essential substances:
Water 💧
Glucose 🍬
Amino acids 🥚
Minerals 🔋
Active and passive transport mechanisms
Recovers 99% of filtered fluid! 💖
62
Tubular Secretion
Final waste removal stage
Transports excess substances into renal tubule
Removes:
Waste products
Excess drugs
Extra ions
Last chance to clean the blood! 🧼
63
Two Capillary Exchange Sites 🔄
Glomerular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries
64
Key Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 💧
Aldosterone 🧂
Angiotensin II 🌪️
65
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Purpose: Regulates water reabsorption
Superpower: Controls how much water your body keeps
Mechanism: Negative feedback system
Action: Makes kidney tubules more permeable to water 🚰
66
Aldosterone
Purpose: Sodium and chloride management
Superpower: Stimulates reabsorption of sodium and chloride
Action: Helps control blood pressure and fluid balance 📊
67
Angiotensin II
Purpose: Blood pressure regulation
Superpower:
-Enhances sodium and chloride reabsorption
-Causes blood vessel constriction
Action: Helps maintain blood pressure 💓
68
Hormone Harmony 🤝
These hormones work together to:
Maintain fluid balance
Regulate blood pressure
Control ion concentrations
Keep your body's internal environment stable! 🏆
69
urine composition
95% water
Contains urea, uric acid, trace amino acids
70
Urine Characteristics:
Volume: 1-2 liters per 24 hours
Color: Yellow to amber
pH: 4.6-8.0
Specific gravity: 1.001-1.035
71
Age related Kidney Modifications
Size reduction
Decreased blood flow
Reduced filtration capacity
72
Common Age-Related Issues in the urinary system:
Urinary tract infections
Increased urination frequency
Urinary retention
Kidney inflammation
Kidney stones
73
Abnormal Urine Indicators
Glucose presence (diabetes)
Blood cells
Protein
Ketone bodies
Bacterial presence
74
Daily Filtration:
About 180 LITERS of fluid
75
electrolyte
Inorganic substance that dissociates in water into charged particles (ions)
76
Cations:
Positively charged ions (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺)
77
Anions:
Negatively charged ions (e.g., Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻)
78
relationship between cation and anion
Normally, cation and anion charges are balanced to maintain electrical neutrality
79
Homeostasis- Fluid Balance
Incoming fluid and electrolytes = Outgoing fluid and electrolytes
80
Water redistribution
What is Water Redistribution?
-Water moves super fast through something called osmosis
-It's all about balance 🤹♀️
-When electrolytes (tiny charged particles) change, water changes too!
Key Principles:
-Water goes where the electrolytes go 💧
-Your body wants to keep everything just right
-If something changes in one place, water will move to balance it out
81
Total Body Fluid Percentage:
Lean adults: 55-60% of body mass
Newborns: 75%+ water
82
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
(2/3 of body fluid)
Located inside cells
High concentrations of:
-Potassium
-Phosphate
-Magnesium
Lower concentrations of:
-Sodium
-Chloride
-Bicarbonate
83
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
(1/3 of body fluid)
Located outside cells
Composition:
-80% Interstitial fluid (between tissue cells)
-20% Blood plasma
High concentrations of:
-Sodium
-Chloride
-Bicarbonate
Lower concentrations of:
-Potassium
-Calcium
-Magnesium
-Phosphate
-Sulfate
84
Water Intake Sources
60% from drinking
30% from moist foods
10% from metabolic water production
85
Transcellular Fluid:
It's a special, tiny part of your body's fluid system that lives in unique spaces! Think of it like secret water hideouts in your body. 🕵️♀️
86
Where Can You Find Transcellular Fluid? 🔍
Cerebrospinal fluid in your brain 🧠
Fluids inside your eyeballs 👀
Ear fluids 👂
Synovial fluid in your joints 💪
Serous fluids in body cavities
Exocrine gland secretions 💦
87
Cerebrospinal Fluid 🧠
Protects your brain
Cushions brain from bumps
Helps remove waste
88
Eyeball Fluid 👀
Maintains eye shape
Helps with vision
Keeps eye healthy
89
Synovial Joint Fluid 💪
Lubricates joints
Reduces friction
Helps you move smoothly
90
Serous Cavity Fluids 🌈
Reduces friction between organs
Helps organs slide past each other
Prevents sticky situations inside your body!
91
Exocrine Gland Secretions 💦
Helps make special body liquids
Creates things like saliva, sweat
Supports different body functions
92
Water Output Pathways
Urine
Feces
Perspiration
Skin evaporation
Lung exhalation
93
Thirst Mechanism
Controlled by hypothalamus
Triggered by:
Water loss
Increased osmotic pressure
Dehydration
94
Key Roles of Electrolytes
Control water osmosis
Maintain acid-base balance
Conduct electrical currents
Serve as enzyme cofactors
95
Important Electrolytes
Sodium (Na⁺)
Chloride (Cl⁻)
Potassium (K⁺)
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
96
Sodium (Na⁺)
Most common outside-cell ion
Helps with muscle and nerve action
Regulates fluid balance
97
Chloride (Cl⁻)
Major extracellular anion
Regulates osmotic pressure
Forms gastric HCl
Controls pressure
Helps make stomach acid
98
Potassium (K⁺)
Most abundant intracellular cation
Creates cell membrane potential
Regulates pH
99
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
Most abundant body mineral
Structural component of bones/teeth
Important for blood clotting and muscle moves
100
Acids:
Release hydrogen ions (H⁺)
101
Bases:
Release hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) or combine with H⁺
102
pH Regulation Mechanisms
Buffer Systems
Respiratory Regulation
Kidney Regulation
103
Buffer Systems
Protein buffer
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
Phosphate buffer
104
Respiratory Regulation
Control breathing rate
Manage CO₂ levels
105
Kidney Regulation
Secrete H⁺ in urine
Reabsorb bicarbonate
106
Acidosis:
Acidosis: Blood pH < 7.35
Respiratory (CO₂ accumulation)
Metabolic (acid accumulation)
107
Alkalosis:
Blood pH > 7.45
Respiratory (excessive CO₂ loss)
Metabolic (base gain)
108
Aging and Fluid Balance
Decreased intracellular fluid volume
Reduced potassium levels
Diminished kidney function
Altered fluid and electrolyte regulation
109
Micturition (Urination) Process- Reflex Mechanism:
Bladder stretching triggers sacral spinal cord reflex
Parasympathetic impulses cause detrusor muscle contraction
Voluntary control of external urethral sphincter
110
Primary functions of reproductive system:
Produce gametes (sex cells)
Generate reproductive hormones
Enable reproduction and genetic transmission
111
Gonads:
Organs producing sex cells
Male: Testes
Female: Ovaries
112
Genitalia:
Internal and external reproductive organs
113
Spermatogenesis:
Male meiosis process for sperm production
114
Oogenesis:
Female meiosis process for egg production
115
Male Reproductive System Primary Organs
Testes
Ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts)
Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral)
Supporting structures (scrotum, penis)
116
Testes Structure
Oval structures suspended in scrotum
Composed of:
250 lobules
Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells producing male hormones
117
Sperm Cell Anatomy
head
midpeice
tail
acrosome
118
Head of sperm
Haploid nucleus (23 chromosomes)
119
Midpiece (sperm)
Mitochondria for energy
120
Tail (sperm)
Flagellum for motility
121
Acrosome (sperm)
Enzyme-filled sac for penetrating egg
122
Spermatogenesis Process
Begins with undifferentiated spermatogonia
Undergoes meiosis to create haploid sperm cells
Hormonal triggers:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
123
Testosterone Roles
Controls reproductive organ development
Stimulates:
Bone growth
Protein synthesis
Secondary sexual characteristics
Regulated by negative feedback mechanism
124
Female Reproductive System- Anatomical Components
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Mammary glands
125
ovaries
Location:
Sitting on each side of the uterus in the pelvis 🏠
About the size of almonds 🥜
What They Do:
Make eggs (called oocytes) 🥚
Create important girl hormones like estrogen 💕
Help with growing up and becoming a woman 👧
126
Egg Production:
Around 400,000 eggs at puberty
Only about 400-500 eggs will ever be released during her whole life
About 12 eggs per year 📅
127
Hormones the ovaries make
Estrogen: Helps develop female body features 💁♀️
Progesterone: Helps prepare the body for possible pregnancy 🤰
128
Uterine Tubes
Location:
Connected to each side of the uterus
Like tiny tunnels leading from ovaries to uterus 🛣️
What They Do:
Transport eggs from ovaries 🥚
The main place where fertilization happens! 💕
Help move the egg towards the uterus 🚂
129
Cool Tube Features:
Have tiny hair-like structures called cilia that help move the egg 👋
Super narrow - about the width of a pencil lead! ✏️
Approximately 4 inches long 📏
130
Special Parts of the Uterine Tubes:
Infundibulum: The funnel-shaped end near the ovary 🏺
Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that catch the egg when it's released 👐
131
Uterus
Location:
In the lower belly of a woman
About the size of a small pear 🍐
Layers (from outside to inside):
Perimetrium: Outer protective layer 🛡️
Myometrium: Middle muscle layer 💪
Endometrium: Inner soft lining 🧸
132
what the uterus does
What It Does:
Grows a baby during pregnancy 👶
Provides nutrients and protection for a developing fetus 🍼
Changes every month during menstrual cycle 🔄
133
Endometrium Fun Facts:
Has two special layers:
Basilar layer: Permanent layer
Functional layer: Grows and sheds each month 📅
134
Abilities of the uterus and hormones it controls
Abilities:
Can stretch HUGE during pregnancy 🤯
Muscles can contract during childbirth 💥
Helps move menstrual blood out of the body 🩸
Hormones That Control It:
Estrogen
Progesterone
135
Vagina location and what it does
Location:
Inside the body, between the urethra and rectum
Connects the uterus to the outside of the body 🛣️
What It Does:
Birth canal during childbirth 👶
Pathway for menstrual flow 🩸
Part of sexual intercourse 💕
136
Vagina Features and Characteristics:
Vagina Features:
Muscular tube that can stretch a lot 💪
About 3-4 inches long 📏
Covered by a thin membrane called the hymen 🔒
Special Characteristics:
Self-cleaning organ 🧼
Has natural bacteria that keep it healthy 🦠
pH balanced to protect against infections 🛡️
137
vagina Layers from Inside to Outside:
Layers from Inside to Outside:
Mucosal inner layer
Muscular middle layer
Fibrous outer layer 🌈
138
Vulva
What is it?
The external female genital area 🚪
Located between the legs 🦵
Main Parts:
Mons Pubis: Soft, padded area above the pubic bone 🏔️
Labia Majora: Outer "lips" that protect inner parts 👐
Labia Minora: Inner "lips" that are more sensitive 🌿
Clitoris: Tiny, sensitive organ at the top 💖
Vaginal Opening: Entrance to the vagina 🚪
Urethral Opening: Where pee comes out 💧
139
Mons Pubis:
Soft, padded area above the pubic bone 🏔️
140
Labia Majora:
Outer "lips" that protect inner parts 👐
141
Labia Minora:
Inner "lips" that are more sensitive 🌿
142
Clitoris:
Tiny, sensitive organ at the top 💖
143
Vaginal Opening:
Entrance to the vagina 🚪
144
Urethral Opening:
Urethral Opening: Where pee comes out💧
145
Vulva Facts and puberty changes
Vulva Facts:
Protects internal reproductive organs 🛡️
Helps with sexual pleasure 💕
Unique for every person - like a fingerprint! 🌟
Puberty Changes:
Grows hair during puberty 💁♀️
Becomes more developed 🌱
146
Mammary glands location and what they do
Location:
In the breasts
On the chest, over chest muscles 💕
What They Do:
Produce milk for babies 👶
Feed and nourish newborns 🍼
Part of the female reproductive system 🌟
147
Cool mammary Gland Features:
Made of special milk-producing lobes 🧩
Connected by ducts that lead to the nipple 🚉
Surrounded by fatty tissue 🧸
148
Key Parts of Mammary glands:
Nipple: Where milk comes out 💦
Areola: Darker skin around the nipple 🔴
Lobes: Milk-making sections 🌈
149
Hormone Helpers of the mammary glands
Prolactin: Starts milk production 🌱
Oxytocin: Helps milk "let down" or flow 💥
150
Oogenesis
The way females make eggs (oocytes) 🥚
Happens inside the ovaries 🏠
151
Oogenesis- Step-by-Step Egg Making:
Start with primary oocytes (baby eggs) 🐣
Pause development until puberty ⏸️
At puberty, some eggs start to mature 🌱
Go through special cell divisions 🔄
152
Egg Facts:
Only about 400-500 eggs will ever be released 🎯
Starts with 400,000 eggs at puberty 🔢
About 12 eggs released per year 📅
153
Meiosis Magic:
Reduces chromosome number by half 🧬
Creates a special egg ready for fertilization 💕
154
Hormone Helpers- Oogenesis
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) starts the process 🚀
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) helps complete egg release 💥
155
Two Special Layers: of the Endometrium:
Basilar Layer:
Permanent layer
Stays attached to the muscle wall 💪
Helps regrow the functional layer 🌱
Functional Layer:
Grows and sheds each month 📅
Gets thick and soft to prepare for possible pregnancy 🤰
Falls away during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs 🩸
156
endometrium
What is it?
Inner layer of the uterus 🏡
Changes every month during the menstrual cycle 🔄
Two Special Layers:
Basilar Layer
Permanent layer
Stays attached to the muscle wall 💪
Helps regrow the functional layer 🌱
Functional Layer
Grows and sheds each month 📅
Gets thick and soft to prepare for possible pregnancy 🤰
Falls away during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs 🩸
157
monthly cycle and facts about endometrium
Monthly Cycle:
Grows thicker with hormones (estrogen and progesterone) 📈
Becomes super soft and full of blood vessels 🩸
Ready to support a fertilized egg 🥚
Fun Facts:
Can grow up to 10mm thick 📏
Changes color and texture during cycle 🌈
Forms part of the placenta during pregnancy 👶
158
hormone controllers endometrium
Hormone Controllers:
Estrogen: Makes it grow 🌱
Progesterone: Keeps it ready for pregnancy 💕
159
Perimetrium: Outer serosal layer
What is it?
The very outside "skin" of the uterus 🧥
Smooth and slippery protective coating 💦
Key Features:
Super thin layer 📏
Helps organs slide smoothly 🕺
Prevents organs from sticking together 🤝
160
what does the Perimetrium: Outer serosal layer do
What It Does:
Protects the uterus 🛡️
Reduces friction inside the body 🌈
Allows easy movement of the uterus 💃
161
Special Abilities and location of Perimetrium: Outer serosal layer
Special Abilities:
Can stretch during pregnancy 🤰
Helps uterus change size 📏
Supports reproductive organs 💕
Interesting Fact: "Serosal" means it's made of watery fluid! 💧
Location:
Covers the outside of the uterus 🏔️
Part of the uterine wall's outer layer 🌟
162
Myometrium
Myometrium: The Muscle Layer of the Uterus 🏋️♀️
What is it?
Middle layer of the uterus 🌟
Made of smooth muscle tissue 💪
Thick and strong layer 🔨
163
what does the myometrium do
What It Does:
Helps uterus change size during pregnancy 🤰
Contracts during childbirth 👶
Supports the entire uterine structure 🏠
Cool Muscle Features:
Can stretch up to 500 times its normal size! 🎈
Helps push baby out during delivery 🚀
Helps control menstrual blood flow 🩸
164
Hormone Influences and facts about myometrium
Hormone Influences:
Estrogen makes muscles grow 🌱
Progesterone keeps muscles relaxed 😌
Fun Facts:
Strongest muscle layer in the reproductive system 💥
Changes thickness during menstrual cycle 🔄
Helps prevent excessive bleeding 🩹
165
Estrogen- what it does and where its made
Where It's Made:
Mainly in ovaries 🥚
Small amounts in adrenal glands 🧬
Fat tissues produce a little too 🍩
What It Does:
Develops female body features 💁♀️
Helps with puberty changes 🌱
Supports reproductive system 🌟
166
estrogen- puberty, Body Changes, and hormone cycle
Puberty Magic:
Grows breasts 🍒
Starts menstrual cycle 🩸
Increases body fat in female areas 💕
Helps skin become softer 🧼
Body Changes:
Widens hips 🏃♀️
Increases bone density 💪
Helps maintain healthy cholesterol 📊
Mood and Brain:
Influences emotional well-being 😊
Helps with memory 🧠
Hormone Cycle:
Levels change during menstrual cycle 🔄
Peaks during ovulation 🥚
167
Progesterone
Progesterone is like a special helper hormone in the female body, mostly made in the ovaries.
168
3 things progesterone does
Uterus Prep 🏠
It gets the uterus ready for a possible baby
Makes the uterine lining thick and cozy for a potential embryo
Pregnancy Helper 🤱
Supports early pregnancy
Helps maintain the uterine environment if fertilization happens
Menstrual Cycle Buddy 🔄
Works with estrogen during the female reproductive cycle
Helps control when the menstrual period happens
Breast Changes 🍼
Helps prepare the breasts for potential milk production
169
Brain Area Producers 🧠
Hypothalamus: Makes releasing hormones
Pituitary Gland: Produces many key hormones
* Anterior Pituitary: FSH, LH, Prolactin
* Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin, ADH
170
Reproductive Hormone Factories 🔬
Ovaries (Females):
* Estrogen
* Progesterone
* Inhibin
* Relaxin
Testes (Males):
* Testosterone
* Inhibin
171
Other Hormone Hotspots 🌡️
Adrenal Glands: Cortisol, Aldosterone
Thyroid: Thyroid hormones
Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon
172
Menstrual Phase
What Happens?
The uterus sheds its inner lining
Blood and tissue are discharged
Marks the start of a new reproductive cycle 🔄
Why Does This Happen?
No pregnancy occurred in the previous cycle
Hormone levels drop
Body prepares to start a new egg development 🥚
173
Preovulatory Phase
Follicle Growth 🌟
Estrogen Takes Center Stage 💃
Uterus Gets Ready 🏠
Hormone Dance 💕
174
Preovulatory Phase- Follicle Growth 🌟
Multiple ovarian follicles start to mature
One follicle becomes the "star" and grows bigger
Other follicles stop developing
175
Preovulatory Phase- Estrogen Takes Center Stage 💃
Estrogen levels rise
Helps repair and thicken the uterine lining
Prepares the body for potential pregnancy
176
Preovulatory Phase-Uterus Gets Ready 🏠
Blood vessels in the endometrium grow
Lining becomes thick and nutrient-rich
Creates a cozy home for a possible embryo
177
Preovulatory Phase-Hormone Dance 💕
Hormone Dance 💕
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) helps follicles grow
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) starts to increase
178
Preovulatory Phase-Duration
Typically about 7-10 days
Varies for each person
179
Ovulation
What is it?
It's when an egg (called a secondary oocyte) pops out of the ovary 🍳
Happens once a month, usually in the middle of a woman's menstrual cycle
How does it happen?
A hormone called Luteinizing Hormone (LH) triggers the egg release 🚀
The mature egg bursts out of its little follicle home in the ovary
Where does the egg go?
The egg travels into the fallopian tube, waiting to maybe meet a sperm 🏊♀️
Why is it important?
This is the time when pregnancy can happen if a sperm meets the egg 👶
It's a key part of the female reproductive cycle
180
Postovulatory Phase
Hormone Production 🧪
Uterine Changes 🏠
Endometrium (uterus lining) gets THICK
Becomes super rich in blood vessels
Prepares for potential baby implantation 👶
Hormone Effects 🌈
Progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy
Estrogen supports uterine lining development
Helps create perfect conditions for possible fertilization 🥚
Two Possible Paths 🔀
A. No Pregnancy
Corpus luteum dies
Hormone levels drop
Menstruation begins 🩸
B. Pregnancy Occurs
Corpus luteum stays active
Continues hormone production
Supports early pregnancy 🤰
181
Postovulatory Phase-Hormone Production 🧪
-Corpus luteum becomes super active
-Releases large amounts of:
Progesterone
Estrogen 💥
182
Postovulatory Phase- Uterine Changes 🏠
Endometrium (uterus lining) gets THICK
Becomes super rich in blood vessels
Prepares for potential baby implantation 👶
183
Postovulatory Phase-Hormone Effects 🌈
Hormone Effects 🌈
Progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy
Estrogen supports uterine lining development
Helps create perfect conditions for possible fertilization 🥚
184
Postovulatory Phase- Two Possible Paths 🔀
Two Possible Paths 🔀
A. No Pregnancy
Corpus luteum dies
Hormone levels drop
Menstruation begins 🩸
B. Pregnancy Occurs
Corpus luteum stays active
Continues hormone production
Supports early pregnancy 🤰
185
What is Relaxin? 🤰
What is Relaxin? 🤰
A special hormone produced during pregnancy
Helps prepare the body for childbirth 👶
What Does Relaxin Do? 🔍
Increases Flexibility 💪
Makes the pubic symphysis (pelvic joint) more stretchy
Helps the pelvis become more flexible 🧘♀️
Cervix Preparation 🚪
Helps soften and dilate the cervix
Makes it easier for baby to pass during delivery 🍼
When is it Produced? ⏰
Mainly during pregnancy
Peaks near the end of pregnancy
Helps make childbirth smoother and easier 🌈
186
Surgical Sterilization
Vasectomy
Tubal ligation
Non-incisional methods
187
Vasectomy
Prevents sperm from leaving during ejaculation 🚫🔬
How Does it Work? 🔍
Procedure:
Doctor cuts and seals the vas deferens tubes
These tubes carry sperm from testicles
Sperm can't mix with semen anymore 🧬
188
tubal ligation
What is it?
* A permanent birth control method for women
* Surgical sterilization that blocks the fallopian tubes
* Prevents eggs from meeting sperm
How it works:
* The fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked
* Eggs can't travel from ovaries to uterus
* Sperm can't reach the egg
189
Non-incisional methods
What is it?
* A birth control method that doesn't require cutting
* Specifically designed for blocking fallopian tubes
* Minimally invasive alternative to traditional tubal ligation
How it works:
* Small implants cause scar tissue to form
* Scar tissue blocks fallopian tubes
* Prevents eggs from meeting sperm
190
Hormonal Methods
Oral contraceptives
Skin patches
Hormone injections
191
Oral contraceptives
What are they?
* Birth control pills
* Hormonal method to prevent pregnancy
* Taken daily by mouth
192
types of oral contreceptives
Types of Pills 🌈
Combined Pills
* Contain estrogen AND progestin
* Brands like Yasmin®
* Perfect use failure rate: 0.3%
* Typical use failure rate: 1-2%
Extended Cycle Pills
* Fewer periods per year
* Brand like Seasonale®
* Similar failure rates to combined pills
Minipill
* Progestin-only
* Brand like Micronar®
* Perfect use failure rate: 0.5%
* Typical use failure rate: 2%
193
how oral contraceptives work
How They Work 🧬
* Decrease FSH and LH hormones
* Prevent ovarian follicle development
* Stop egg release (ovulation)
* Thicken cervical mucus to block sperm
Pros:
* Highly effective
* Regulates menstrual cycle
* Reduces acne
* Helps with period symptoms
Cons:
* Must be taken daily
* Potential side effects
* Doesn't protect against STDs
194
Skin patches
What is it?
* Hormonal birth control method
* Thin patch you stick on your skin
* Releases hormones directly through the skin
How it Works 🧬
* Delivers estrogen and progestin
* Prevents ovulation
* Thickens cervical mucus
* Blocks sperm from reaching egg
Quick Stats 📊
* Perfect use failure rate: 0.1%
* Typical use failure rate: 1-2%
* Super reliable! 💯
Application Details 🌈
* Stick on clean, dry skin
* Change patch weekly
* Typical spots: arm, buttocks, stomach, back
Pros:
* No daily pill
* Easy to use
* Consistent hormone delivery
* Convenient alternative to oral pills
Cons:
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Potential skin irritation
* Must remember weekly change
* Might be less effective for people over 198 lbs
195
Hormone injections
What are they?
* Birth control method using injectable hormones
* Administered by healthcare professional
* Typically every 3 months
How They Work 🧬
* Contain progestin hormone
* Prevent ovulation
* Thicken cervical mucus
* Block sperm from reaching egg
Brand Example: Depo-Provera® 💊
* Most common hormone injection
* Given in arm or buttocks
* Effective for 3 months per shot
Pros:
* Long-lasting protection
* No daily remembering
* Convenient
* Reduces menstrual cramps
Cons:
* Requires doctor's visit
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Potential side effects
* Slight delay in fertility return after stopping
196
Barrier Methods
Male condoms
Diaphragms
Cervical caps
197
condoms
What are they?
* Thin protective covering for penis
* Made of latex, polyurethane, or lambskin
* Barrier method of birth control
How They Work 🛡️
* Cover penis during sexual intercourse
* Prevent sperm from entering vagina
* Block potential pregnancy
* Can help prevent some STDs
Pros:
* Easily accessible
* Relatively inexpensive
* Protects against some STDs
* No prescription needed
* No hormonal side effects
Cons:
* Can interrupt sexual moment
* Risk of breakage
* Potential latex allergies
* Requires correct usage
* Less effective than some other methods
198
Diaphragms
What is it?
* Soft, flexible cup-like barrier
* Covers cervix during intercourse
* Prevents sperm from entering uterus
How They Work 🧬
* Inserted deep into vagina before sex
* Covers cervical opening
* Blocks sperm from reaching egg
* Used with spermicide for extra protection
Materials:
* Typically made of silicone
* Reusable
* Comes in different sizes
Pros:
* Hormone-free
* Reusable
* No daily pill
* Can be inserted hours before sex
* Relatively inexpensive
Cons:
* Requires proper fitting
* Must be used with spermicide
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Needs to be left in place for 6-8 hours after sex
* Can increase risk of urinary tract infections
199
Cervical caps
What is it?
* Small, silicone cup
* Fits snugly over cervix
* Barrier method of birth control
How They Work 🧬
* Covers cervical opening
* Blocks sperm from entering uterus
* Prevents egg fertilization
* Must be used with spermicide
Key Features:
* Smaller than diaphragm
* Fits more precisely over cervix
* Reusable
* Can be inserted hours before sex
Pros:
* Hormone-free
* Portable
* Reusable
* No daily medication
* Can be left in place longer than diaphragm
Cons:
* Requires proper fitting
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Must be used with spermicide
* Less effective than some other methods
* Needs to be checked for correct placement
200
Alternative Methods
Intrauterine devices (IUD)
Spermicides
Periodic abstinence
201
Intrauterine devices
What is an IUD?
* Small, T-shaped device
* Inserted into uterus by healthcare professional
* Long-term birth control method
How They Work 🧬
* Interfere with sperm movement
* Prevent egg fertilization
* Some release hormones to enhance effectiveness
Pros:
* Long-lasting (3-10 years)
* Highly effective
* Low maintenance
* Reversible
* No daily remembering
Cons:
* Requires medical insertion
* Initial cost can be high
* Potential side effects
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Slight risk of complications
202
Types of IUDs:
Types of IUDs:
Copper IUD
* Non-hormonal
* Uses copper to prevent pregnancy
* Can stay in place for years
Hormonal IUD
* Releases small amounts of progestin
* Thickens cervical mucus
* Prevents sperm from reaching egg
203
Spermicides
What are they?
* Chemical birth control method
* Kills or immobilizes sperm
* Comes in various forms:
Gels
Foams
Creams
Suppositories
Films
How They Work 🧬
* Contain chemicals that destroy sperm
* Placed in vagina before intercourse
* Create hostile environment for sperm
* Prevent sperm from reaching egg
Pros:
* Hormone-free
* Easily available
* No prescription needed
* Can be used with other methods
* Inexpensive
Cons:
* High failure rate
* Must be applied before each intercourse
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Can cause irritation
* Requires precise timing and application
204
Periodic abstinence
What is it?
* Birth control method based on avoiding sex
* During fertile periods of menstrual cycle
* No hormones or devices involved
How It Works 🧬
* Identifies woman's fertile window
* Avoids sexual intercourse during most fertile days
* Relies on understanding menstrual cycle
Pros:
* No cost
* No hormones
* No medical intervention
* Increases cycle awareness
* Acceptable for some religious beliefs
Cons:
* Requires strict tracking
* High failure rate
* Doesn't protect against STDs
* Requires discipline
* Less reliable than other methods
205
Types of Periodic Abstinence 📅
Types of Periodic Abstinence 📅
Rhythm Method
* Perfect use failure rate: 9%
* Typical use failure rate: 25%
* Tracks menstrual cycle calendar
Sympto-Thermal Method (STM)
* Perfect use failure rate: 2%
* Typical use failure rate: 2%
* Tracks body temperature and cervical mucus changes
206
What is Puberty?
What is Puberty?
* Period of physical changes
* Body transforms from child to adult
* Begins around age 10
* Reproductive potential emerges 🌈
207
Key Changes For Females: during puberty
Key Changes 🔬
For Females:
* First menstrual cycle (menarche)
* Breast development
* Body hair growth
* Increased body fat
* Widening of hips
208
Key Changes For males: during puberty
For Males:
* Voice deepening
* Body hair growth
* Muscle mass increase
* Testicle and penis growth
* Increased body odor
209
Hormonal Triggers: puberty
Hormonal Triggers 💊
* Hypothalamus releases more hormones
* Increases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
* Stimulates anterior pituitary
* Triggers testosterone/estrogen production
Physical Signs:
* Growth spurts
* Skin changes (acne)
* Emotional mood swings
* Sexual maturation
210
Menarche
* First menstrual cycle in a girl's life
* Marks beginning of reproductive potential
* Typically occurs around age 10-14
* Signals transition from childhood to adolescence 🌈
Hormonal Triggers 🧬
* Hypothalamus increases hormone production
* Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) rises
* Stimulates anterior pituitary
* Triggers follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Initiates estrogen production
Physical Signs 💊
* First menstrual bleeding
* Breast development
* Pubic hair growth
* Body shape changes
* Increased body fat
* Growth spurts
Emotional Aspects 💕
* Potential mood swings
* New body awareness
* Increased emotional sensitivity
* Learning about reproductive health
Important Notes:
* Timing varies for each individual
* Influenced by genetics
* Can be affected by nutrition and health
211
What is Menopause?
* Permanent end of menstrual cycles
* Typically occurs around age 55
* Marks end of reproductive years 🚫🥚
Causes 🧬
* Aging of ovaries
* Follicles stop maturing
* Dramatic decline in estrogen levels
Hormonal Changes 💊
* Reduced estrogen production
* Decreased progesterone
* Disrupted reproductive hormone balance
* Potential hot flashes
* Mood fluctuations
Physical Symptoms 🌈
* Irregular periods
* Hot flashes
* Night sweats
* Vaginal dryness
* Reduced libido
* Metabolism slowdown
* Potential bone density loss
* Skin changes
* Sleep disruptions
Emotional Aspects 💕
* Psychological adjustments
* Potential mood swings
* Identity shifts
* Increased emotional sensitivity
212
Male Reproductive Aging
Testosterone decline around age 55
Reduced muscle strength
Decreased sexual desire
Sperm viability reduction
