Quiz #3- Chapter 7 and 8 Joints and Muscular System Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
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Synchondrosis
A
Immovable cartilaginous joint (e.g., epiphyseal plate)
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Joints
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points of contract between bones, cartilage, and teeth
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Arthrology
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scientific study of joints
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Kinesiology
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study of human body motion
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Fibrous Joints
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no synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular tissue
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Cartilaginous Joints
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no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage
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Synovial joints
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have a synovial cavity, united by an articular capsule and often ligaments
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Synarthrosis
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immovable joints
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Amphiarthrosis
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slightly movable joint
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Diarthrosis
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freely moveable joint
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Syndesmosis
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Fibrous joint with limited movement (e.g., distal tibia and fibula)
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Suture
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Fibrous joint between skull bones, may be slightly movable or immovable
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Interosseous membranes
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Fibrous joint with slight movement between radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
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Symphysis
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Slightly movable cartilaginous joint (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints)
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Epiphyseal cartilages
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Growth centers during bone formation, become synostosis when replaced by bone
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Synovial membrane
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Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish joint cartilage
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Gliding
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Simple back-and-forth, side-to-side movement at synovial joints
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Flexion
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Angular movement that decreases the angle between bones ex (bending your elbow to bring your hand closer)
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extension
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Angular movement that increases the angle between bones
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abduction
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Angular movement that moves a body part away from the midline
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Adduction
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Angular movement that moves a body part toward the midline
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circumduction
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Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
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Rotation
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Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
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depression
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Downward movement of a body part
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Elevation
Upward movement of a body part
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protraction
Forward movement of a body part
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retraction
Backward movement of a body part
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inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
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eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward
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dorsiflexion
Upward movement of the foot or toes
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supination
Turning the palm upward or forward
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Plantar Flexion
Downward movement of the foot or toes
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pronation
Turning the palm downward or backward
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opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips
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plane joint
Synovial joint with nearly flat surfaces, permits gliding and some rotation (Carpals, tarsals, vertebrae)
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hinge joint
Synovial joint permitting angular motion around one axis (e.g., elbow, knee)
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pivot joint
Synovial joint where a round surface rotates within a ring (e.g., atlanto-axial)
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Condyloid joint
Synovial joint permitting angular motion around two axes (e.g., wrist)
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saddle joint
Synovial joint with saddle-shaped surfaces, permits motion around two axes (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.)
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Ball-and-socket Joint
Synovial joint permitting motion around three axes (e.g., shoulder, hip)
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arthroplasty
Surgical replacement of a damaged joint with an artificial one
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effects of aging on joints
Decreased synovial fluid, thinning cartilage, shortened ligaments
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myology
The scientific study of muscles
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types of muscular tissue
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
Striated, voluntary, attached to bones, multiple nuclei per fiber
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facia
Layers of connective tissue surrounding and separating skeletal muscles
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tendon
Extension of fibrous connective tissue attaching skeletal muscles to bones
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I band
Region of sarcomere containing only thin filaments
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A band
Region of sarcomere containing entire length of thick filaments
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sarcomere
Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle fibers
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neuromuscular junction
Synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber
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sliding-filament mechanism
Process of muscle contraction involving sliding of actin and myosin filaments
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three main sources of ATP in skeletal muscle
Creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration
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twitch contraction
Brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit
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tetanus
Sustained muscle contraction due to repeated stimuli
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oxygen debt
Additional oxygen needed after exercise to restore ATP and creatine phosphate levels
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motor unit recruitment order
Slow oxidative, fast oxidative-glycolytic, fast glycolytic fibers
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effect of strength training
Increases size and strength of fast glycolytic fibers
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effect of endurance training
Increases number and size of slow oxidative fibers
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characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
Striated, involuntary, forms walls of the heart
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intercalated discs
Connections between cardiac muscle fibers allowing rapid action potential transmission
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effect of aging on skeletal muscle
Gradual loss of mass, replaced by connective and adipose tissue
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characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
Non-striated, involuntary, found in hollow organs and blood vessels
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origin of skeletal muscle
Attachment to the stationary bone
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interstation of skeletal muscle
Attachment to the movable bone
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antagonist
Muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover
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prime mover
Main muscle responsible for a specific movement
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synergist
Muscle that assists the prime mover in a movement
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naming of skeletal muscles based on direction
Rectus abdominis, Transverse abdominis, External oblique
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fixator
Muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement
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naming of skeletal muscles based on size
Gluteus maximus, Gluteus minimus, Pectoralis major
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naming of skeletal muscles based on action
Flexor carpi radialis, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Abductor pollicis longus
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Naming of skeletal muscles based on number of origins
Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii, Quadriceps femoris
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the 5 key functions of muscular tissue
Producing body movements 🏃♀️
Stabilizing body positions 🧘♂️
Regulating organ volume 🫁
Moving substances within the body (through organs) 💧
Producing heat 🔥
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the key identifying features of skeletal muscle
Striated appearance
Voluntary control
Multiple nuclei
Organized into fascicles
Attached to bones by tendons 🦴
High mitochondrial content
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Striated appearance
Skeletal muscle fibers have a striped or striated pattern due to the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments. 🔍
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Voluntary control
Skeletal muscle contraction is under voluntary control of the nervous system. 🧠
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Multiple nuclei
Each skeletal muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the cell. 👀
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Organized into fascicles -
Skeletal muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles, separated by connective tissue layers. 🧵
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Attached to bones by tendons
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tough, fibrous connective tissue called tendons. 🦴
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High mitochondrial content
Skeletal muscle fibers have a high density of mitochondria to support their energy needs during contraction. 🔋
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The origin
The origin is the attachment point of the muscle that is stationary or immovable. This is usually the attachment to the bone that does not move during muscle contraction.
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The insertion
The insertion is the attachment point of the muscle that is movable. This is usually the attachment to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts and pulls on it.
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Ligaments
Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone.
They help stabilize and limit the movement of joints.
Examples include the ligaments around the knee and ankle joints.
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Tendons
Tendons are extensions of fibrous connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones.
They transmit the force of muscle contraction to the bones, allowing for movement.
Examples include the Achilles tendon and the tendons that attach the biceps and quadriceps muscles.
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differences between ligaments and tendons
Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize joints.
Tendons connect muscle to bone and allow muscles to move the bones.
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Occipitofrontalis (Epicranius Muscle):
Consists of two parts - the frontal belly and the occipital belly
The frontal belly draws the scalp forward, raises the eyebrows, and wrinkles the forehead
The occipital belly draws the scalp backward
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Orbicularis Oris:
Closes and protrudes the lips, compresses the lips against the teeth, and shapes the lips during speech
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Zygomaticus Major:
Zygomaticus Major:
Draws the angle of the mouth upward and outward, as in smiling or laughing
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Buccinator
Buccinator:
Presses the cheeks against the teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing, and sucking
Draws the corner of the mouth laterally
Assists in chewing
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Orbicularis Oculi:
Orbicularis Oculi:
Closes the eye
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Platysma
Platysma:
Draws the outer part of the lower lip downward and backward, as in pouting
Depresses the mandible
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Masseter:
Origin: Maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion: Mandible
Action: Elevates the mandible (closes the mouth)
The masseter is responsible for the up-and-down closing motion of the jaw,
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Temporalis:
Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Mandible
Action: Elevates and retracts (draws back) the mandible
the temporalis helps with the side-to-side grinding motion as well as retracting the jaw.
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Muscles that move the eyeballs
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Medial Rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
The levator palpebrae superioris muscle -
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superior rectus
Superior Rectus - Moves the eyeball upward, medially, and rotates it medially
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inferior rectus
Inferior Rectus - Moves the eyeball downward, medially, and rotates it medially
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lateral rectus
Lateral Rectus - Moves the eyeball laterally (abduction)
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Medial Rectus
Medial Rectus - Moves the eyeball medially (adduction)
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superior oblique
Superior Oblique - Moves the eyeball downward, laterally, and rotates it medially
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inferior oblique
Inferior Oblique - Moves the eyeball upward, laterally, and rotates it laterally
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The levator palpebrae superioris muscle -
The levator palpebrae superioris muscle - This is the muscle that lifts up your upper eyelid, opening your eye.
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Muscles of abdomen protect abdominal organs & moving vertebral column
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
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rectus abdominis
Rectus abdominis - This big muscle runs down the front of your belly. It helps you flex your spine and also compresses your abdomen, which is useful for things like going to the bathroom or giving birth.
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External oblique
External oblique - These muscles are on the sides of your abdomen. When both sides contract, they flex your spine. When just one side contracts, it bends your spine to that side.
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Internal oblique
Internal oblique - These are the muscles under the external obliques. They also help flex your spine and bend it to the side.
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Transverse abdominis
Transverse abdominis - This muscle runs across your belly, kind of like a belt. It helps compress your abdomen.
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Muscles of thorax that assist in breathing
the diaphragm
the external intercostal muscles
the internal intercostal muscles
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The diaphragm
The diaphragm - This is a big, dome-shaped muscle that sits at the bottom of your chest cavity. When it contracts, it flattens out, making your chest cavity bigger and letting you breathe in. When it relaxes, it moves back up, making your chest cavity smaller and letting you breathe out.
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The external intercostal muscles
The external intercostal muscles - These are the muscles between your ribs. When they contract, they lift your ribs up and out, expanding your chest and helping you breathe in.
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The internal intercostal muscles
The internal intercostal muscles - These are the muscles under the external ones. When they contract, they pull your ribs down and in, helping you breathe out.
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Muscles of thorax that move the pectoral girdle
-pectoralis minor
-serratus anterior
-trapezius
-levator scapulae
-rhomboid major
All of these muscles work together to allow you to move your arms and shoulders in different directions.
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Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis minor - This muscle attaches to the shoulder blade and helps pull it downward and forward.
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Serratus anterior -
Serratus anterior - This muscle is on the side of your chest and helps pull the shoulder blade outward and upward. It's sometimes called the "boxer's muscle" because it's important for punching and pushing movements.
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Trapezius
Trapezius - This big muscle covers the upper back and shoulder area. The different parts of it can lift the shoulder blade up, pull it inward, or pull it downward.
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Levator scapulae
Levator scapulae - As the name suggests, this muscle lifts up the shoulder blade.
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Rhomboid major
Rhomboid major - This muscle pulls the shoulder blade inward and upward.
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Muscles of thorax and shoulder that move the humerus
-pectoralis major
-latissimus dorsi
-deltoid
-subscapularis
-supraspinatus
-infraspinatus
-teres major
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Pectoralis major
Pectoralis major - This big chest muscle helps pull the arm inward and rotate it inward. It also helps flex and extend the arm.
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Latissimus dorsi
Latissimus dorsi - This wide back muscle helps extend the arm, pull it inward, and rotate it inward.
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Deltoid -
Deltoid - This triangular muscle on the top of the shoulder helps abduct (lift) the arm, as well as flex, extend, and rotate it.
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Subscapularis
Subscapularis - This muscle under the shoulder blade helps rotate the arm inward.
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Supraspinatus
Supraspinatus - This muscle above the shoulder blade assists the deltoid in abducting the arm.
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Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus - This muscle on the back of the shoulder blade helps rotate the arm outward.
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Teres major
Teres major - This small muscle helps extend and adduct (pull inward) the arm.
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Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna
-biceps brachii
-brachialis
-brachioradialis
-triceps of brachii
-supinator
-pronator teres
All of these muscles work together to give you the ability to bend, straighten, and rotate your forearm and hand. It's pretty amazing how many different muscles are involved in something as simple as turning your palm up or down! 🤯
The biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis are the main flexors, while the triceps is the main extensor. And the supinator and pronator muscles allow you to rotate your forearm. Isn't the human body incredible, Jordyn ?
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Biceps brachii
Biceps brachii - This muscle has two "heads" and helps flex and supinate (turn palm up) the forearm.
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Brachialis
Brachialis - This muscle under the biceps also helps flex the forearm.
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Brachioradialis
Brachioradialis - This muscle on the front of the forearm also helps flex the forearm.
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Triceps brachii
Triceps brachii - This muscle on the back of the arm helps extend the forearm.
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Supinator
Supinator - This muscle helps rotate the forearm to turn the palm up.
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Pronator teres
Pronator teres - This muscle helps rotate the forearm to turn the palm down.
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Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and fingers
-Flexor carpi radialis
-Flexor carpi ulnaris
-Flexor digitorum superficialis
-Flexor digitorum profundus
-Extensor carpi radialis longus
-Extensor carpi ulnaris
-Extensor digitorum
All of these muscles work together to give you the amazing dexterity and control you have in your hands and fingers
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Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi radialis - This muscle on the front of the forearm helps flex and abduct (move away from the body) the wrist.
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Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris - This muscle on the inside of the forearm helps flex and adduct (move towards the body) the wrist.
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Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis - This muscle helps flex the fingers and the wrist.
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Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor digitorum profundus - This deeper muscle also helps flex the fingers and wrist.
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Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus - This muscle on the back of the forearm helps extend and abduct the wrist.
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Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris - This muscle helps extend and adduct the wrist.
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Extensor digitorum
Extensor digitorum - This muscle extends the fingers and the wrist.
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Muscles of the neck and back that move the vertebral column
Erector spinae
Sternocleidomastoid
Quadratus lumborum
All of these muscles work together to give you the ability to move your spine in different directions. The erector spinae are especially important for standing up straight and maintaining good posture.
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Erector spinae
Erector spinae - This is a group of muscles that run along the back of your spine. They help extend and laterally flex (bend side-to-side) your spine.
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Sternocleidomastoid
Sternocleidomastoid - This muscle in the front of your neck helps flex your neck and turn your head.
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Quadratus lumborum
Quadratus lumborum - This muscle on the side of your lower back helps extend and laterally flex your lower spine.
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Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor longus and magnus
Piriformis
Pectineus
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Gluteus maximus
Gluteus maximus - This is the biggest muscle in your butt. It helps extend and laterally rotate your thigh.
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Gluteus medius
Gluteus medius - This muscle on the side of your hip helps abduct (move away from the body) and medially rotate your thigh.
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Tensor fasciae latae
Tensor fasciae latae - This muscle on the front of your hip helps flex and abduct your thigh.
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Adductor longus and magnus
Adductor longus and magnus - These muscles on the inner thigh help adduct (move towards the body), flex, and rotate your thigh.
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Piriformis
Piriformis - This small muscle deep in your butt helps laterally rotate and abduct your thigh.
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Pectineus
Pectineus - This muscle on the front of your hip helps flex and adduct your thigh.
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Muscles of the thigh that move the femur and tibia and fibula
quadriceps
hamstring group
adductor group
The quadriceps are the main knee extensors, while the hamstrings are the main knee flexors. They work together to give you the ability to straighten, bend, and move your leg in different directions.
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Quadriceps femoris
Quadriceps femoris - This group of 4 muscles on the front of your thigh helps extend your leg at the knee. It includes the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
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Hamstring group
Hamstring group - This group of 3 muscles on the back of your thigh helps flex your leg at the knee. It includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
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Adductor group
Adductor group - Muscles like the adductor longus and magnus on the inner thigh help adduct (bring your leg towards the body) and flex your thigh.
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Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toe
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
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Tibialis anterior
Tibialis anterior - This muscle on the front of your shin helps lift your foot up (dorsiflexion) and turn it inward (inversion).
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Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum longus - This muscle also helps lift your foot up and spread your toes out.
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Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toe
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
All of these muscles work together to give you the amazing dexterity and control you have in your feet and toes. Isn't it crazy how many different muscles are involved in something as simple as standing on your tiptoes? 🤯
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Tibialis anterior
Tibialis anterior - This muscle on the front of your shin helps lift your foot up (dorsiflexion) and turn it inward (inversion).
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Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum longus - This muscle also helps lift your foot up and spread your toes out.
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Fibularis (peroneus) longus -
Fibularis (peroneus) longus - This muscle on the outside of your leg helps point your foot down (plantar flexion) and turn it outward (eversion).
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Gastrocnemius and soleus
Gastrocnemius and soleus - These muscles in the back of your lower leg are the main plantar flexors, helping you point your foot down.
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Tibialis posterior
Tibialis posterior - This deep muscle helps plantar flex and invert your foot.
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Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor digitorum longus - This muscle helps flex your toes.
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types of fibrous joints
syndesmosis
suture
Interosseous membranes
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types of synovial joints
1. Plane (Gliding) Joints 🛷
- Like flat surfaces sliding around
- Found in your wrist and ankle bones
- Can move back-and-forth and side-to-side
2. Hinge Joints 🚪
- Works just like a door hinge!
- Found in your elbow and knee
- Moves in one direction (back and forth)
3. Pivot Joints 🔄
- Like a spinning top
- Found in your neck (where you turn your head)
- Allows rotation movement
4. Condyloid Joints 🎮
- Like an oval peg in an oval hole
- Found in your wrist and knuckles
- Can move in two directions
5. Saddle Joints 🐎
- Shaped like a horse saddle
- Found in your thumb
- Allows lots of movement
6. Ball-and-Socket Joints ⚾
- Like a ball in a cup
- Found in your shoulder and hip
- Can move in all directions!
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