Quiz #2- Chapters 5 and 6 Integementary and Skeletal System Flashcards

Question

Bone remodelling

Answer 1

Continuous process of replacing old bone tissue with new tissue

Answer 2

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese

Answer 3

A,C,D,K and B12

Answer 4

HGH,IGFs,thyroid hormones, insulin, sex hormones, PTH, and calcitonin

Answer 5

Stimulates osteoblasts and helps build stronger bones

Answer 6

Decreased bone mass and increased risk of osteoporosis due to hormonal changes

Answer 7

80 bones around the longitudinal axis of the body (skull, auditory ossicles,hyoid, ribs,sternum, vertebral column)

Answer 8

126 bones of the upper and lower limbs plus girdles connecting limbs to axial skeleton

Answer 9

22 (8 cranial, 13 facial, and the mandible)

Answer 10

Supraorbital foramina and frontal sinuses

Answer 11

Lambdoidal suture, foramen magnum, and occipital condyles

Answer 12

External auditory meatus, mandibular fossae, mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process

Answer 13

Located in the neck, supports the tongue, does not articulate with any other bone "floating bone"

Answer 14

Connects the nuerocranium to the facial skeleton

Answer 15

Cruciform plates, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, ethmoidal sinuses, Crista galli

Answer 16

Provide resonance of voice and reduce the weight of the skull

Answer 17

Soft spots on an infants skull where bones have not yet fused, this spot gradually closed over the first 12-24 months of life

Answer 18

Flexible column of 26 bones supporting the body and protecting the spinal cord

Answer 19

First cervical vertebrae supporting the head

Answer 20

Second cervical vertebrae with a toothlike dens that pivots within the atlas. supports tongue and hyoid

Answer 21

Triangular structure at the base of the spine made up of 5 fused vertebrae

Answer 22

Lowermost portion of the spine composed of 4 fused vertebrae

Answer 23

Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages

Answer 24

First 7 Paris or ribs that joint the sternum directly

Answer 25

Last 5 pairs of ribs that do not connect directly to the sternum

Answer 26

Areas between ribs occupies by muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

Answer 27

Manubrium, body, and diploid process

Answer 28

Two scapulae and two clavicles

Answer 29

Upper arm bone extending from the scapula to the elbow

Answer 30

Forearm bone on the thumb side, extending from elbow to wrist

Answer 31

The ulna plays a crucial role in the rotation of the forearm, allowing us to perform important movements like turning a doorknob or using a screwdriver.

Answer 32

Two coxal bones and the sacrum

Answer 33

Ilium, ishcium, and pubis

Answer 34

Large opening within pubis

Answer 35

Longest bone in the body, located in the thigh

Answer 36

Shin bone that supports body weight and articulates with femur and tarsal bones

Answer 37

Slender bone lateral to the tibia, not bearing body weight

Answer 38

Age related condition characterized by decreased bone mass and strength

Answer 39

Supports the body and protect the spinal cord

Answer 40

Supports pectoral girdle, aids in breathing, protects thoracic and upper abdominal organs

Answer 41

Supports trunk on Lower limbs, protects lower abdominal and pelvic organs

Answer 42

Female pelvis structure allow for passage of baby

Answer 43

With age, the skin experiences decreased collagen, elastin, fibroblasts, gland function, and melanocyte activity, leading to wrinkles, dryness, and impaired temperature regulation and wound healing

Answer 44

A tough protein that helps protect the skin from damage

Answer 45

Composed of skin and accessory organs: hair, glands, nails and sensory receptors

Answer 46

Temperature regulation, protection, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion, and absorption

Answer 47

Epidermis (outer and thinner) and dermis (deeper and thicker)

Answer 48

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and tactile epithelial cells

Answer 49

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granolosum, and stratum corneum

Answer 50

Melonin, hemoglobin, and carotene

Answer 51

Superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer

Answer 52

Binds skin to underlying tissues and contains blood vessels supplying the skin

Answer 53

Hair, glands, and nails

Answer 54

Keratinized cells

Answer 55

These glands are associated with hair follicles and secrete an oily substance called sebum that helps keep the hair and skin moisturized.

Answer 56

modifies sweat glands that Secrete ear wax

Answer 57

Eccrine and apocrine

Answer 58

Produces new nail cells

Answer 59

Epidermal (superficial) and deep wound healing

Answer 60

When you get a deep cut or injury, your body goes through these simple steps to fix it: 1. First, your body sends special cleaning cells (phagocytes) to clean up any damaged or dead bone tissue 🧹 2. Then, special cells called chondroblasts come and make a bridge of soft tissue (fibrocartilage) to connect the broken parts 🌉 3. Next, bone-building cells (osteoblasts) come and turn that soft bridge into spongy bone tissue 🦴 4. Finally, your body does some remodeling - kind of like renovating a house! Dead parts are removed, and the spongy bone becomes strong compact bone, leaving a scar 🏗️

Answer 61

Decreased collagen, elastin, fibroblasts, gland function, and melanocyte activity

Answer 62

Basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 63

Uv radiation exposure

Answer 64

First-,second-,third- degree based on depth of tissue damage

Answer 65

Lack of blood flow to skin tissues subjected to constant pressure

Answer 66

Sebaceous glands, Ceruminous glands, Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and Mammary glands.

Answer 67

There are two types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands: - Apocrine sweat glands - Eccrine sweat glands Both types of sweat glands secrete a watery fluid called sweat that helps cool the body through evaporation.

Answer 68

Mammary glands are a type of modified sweat gland that secrete milk. They are made up of two main components: - The parenchyma - This is the milk-producing tissue. -The stroma - This is the connective tissue that supports the parenchyma. these glands develop and enlarge during pregnancy in order to provide nutrients to their babies.

Answer 69

Apocrine sweat glands: - Found mainly in the skin of the armpits (axilla), groin, around the nipples (areolae), and on the face in adult males. - Respond to body temperature, stress, and sexual arousal.

Answer 70

Eccrine sweat glands: - The most prevalent sweat glands, distributed throughout most of the body, especially on the forehead, palms, and soles. Respond to body temperature to help regulate temperature.

Answer 71

the key glands are sebaceous, ceruminous, sudoriferous, and mammary glands

Answer 72

Make up 90% of epidermal cells Produce the protein keratin, which protects against water loss and injury

Answer 73

Produce the pigment melanin, which protects deeper cells from UV radiation Transfer melanin to nearby keratinocytes

Answer 74

Intraepidermal macrophages that detect and destroy bacteria Participate in immune responses

Answer 75

Detect touch sensations Transmit information to the nervous system

Answer 76

keratinocytes Tactile epithelial cells Langerhans Cells melanocytes

Answer 77

The nails are composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells that grow from the nail matrix, which is the proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root. The key components are: Nail body - The visible part of the nail Nail root - The portion of the nail hidden under the skin Nail matrix - The region where new nail cells are produced Lunula - The crescent-shaped whitish area at the base of the nail Cuticle - The fold of skin overlapping the nail root As new cells are produced in the nail matrix, they get pushed outward and become keratinized, forming the hard, protective nail. This keratin material is what gives nails their strength and durability. The nail matrix is the key structure responsible for nail growth and renewal.

Answer 78

the nail body

Answer 79

The portion of the nail hidden under the skin

Answer 80

The region where new nail cells are produced

Answer 81

The crescent-shaped whitish area at the base of the nail

Answer 82

The fold of skin overlapping the nail root

Answer 83

The skin helps maintain a stable body temperature through blood vessel dilation/constriction and sweating. When the body gets too hot, blood vessels dilate to allow more heat to radiate from the skin. Sweat glands also secrete sweat to cool the body through evaporation. When the body gets too cold, blood vessels constrict to conserve heat, and the arrector pili muscles contract to make hairs stand up, trapping air and insulating the body.

Answer 84

Protection: The skin acts as a barrier, protecting the body from mechanical injury, chemicals, microbes, and UV radiation. The stratum corneum and keratin provide a tough, waterproof layer. Melanin in the epidermis also absorbs UV rays.

Answer 85

Nerve endings in the skin allow us to feel touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Specialized receptors like Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings transmit these sensations to the brain.

Answer 86

The skin has a limited ability to absorb and excrete certain substances, like water, salts, and some drugs. Sweat glands help excrete waste products like urea and lactic acid.

Answer 87

UV radiation from sunlight triggers the conversion of a precursor in the skin into active vitamin D. This vitamin D is then used to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

Answer 88

Loose Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue Blood Vessels Nerves

Answer 89

This layer binds the skin to the underlying tissues and organs. It contains collagen and elastic fibers that provide flexibility.

Answer 90

Nerve fibers from the dermis extend into the subcutaneous layer. These nerves transmit sensations like touch, pressure, and pain.

Answer 91

Also known as fat, this tissue stores triglycerides and insulates the body. The amount of subcutaneous fat varies between individuals.

Answer 92

The subcutaneous layer contains blood vessels that supply the skin. These vessels help regulate body temperature and provide nutrients.

Answer 93

Stratum Basale (p.8) The deepest layer of the epidermis, containing a single row of reproducing basal cells. Stratum Spinosum (p.8) As new cells are formed in the basal layer, they are pushed upwards. In this layer, the keratinocytes begin to accumulate more keratin. Stratum Granulosum (p.8) The keratinocytes in this layer undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). Their nuclei and organelles break down, and they become filled with keratin. Stratum Corneum (p.8) The dead, keratinized cells are now the outermost layer of the epidermis. This tough, protective layer helps prevent water loss and block the entry of harmful substances. As the keratinocytes move up through the epidermal layers, they become more and more keratinized, eventually sloughing off and being replaced by new cells from the basal layer. This constant renewal and keratinization is essential for maintaining the skin's barrier function.

Answer 94

Vasodilation refers to the widening or dilation of blood vessels, specifically the blood vessels in the skin. This process occurs when the body needs to dissipate excess heat.

Answer 95

Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing or constriction of blood vessels, specifically the blood vessels in the skin. This process occurs when the body needs to conserve heat.

Answer 96

An infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, within the body's tissues.

Answer 97

Inflammation is the immune system's complex biological response to stimuli that are perceived as threats or injuries to the body's tissues.

Answer 98

Osteoprogenitor Cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Answer 99

These are stem cells that can develop into osteoblasts. They help replenish the bone-forming cells as needed.

Answer 100

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix. They deposit new bone material and help mineralize the matrix.

Answer 101

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone tissue. They are the most numerous cells in bone and reside within the bone matrix.

Answer 102

Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down and resorbing old bone tissue. This allows for the remodeling and reshaping of bones throughout life.

Answer 103

The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the body. This includes: Skull bones (cranium and facial bones) Auditory ossicles (ear bones) Hyoid bone Ribs Sternum Vertebral column (vertebrae and intervertebral discs) The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and protects vital organs

Answer 104

The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, as well as the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. This includes: Pectoral (shoulder) girdle (clavicles and scapulae) Upper limb bones (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) Pelvic (hip) girdle (coxal bones) Lower limb bones (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges) the appendicular skeleton allows for movement and interaction with the external environment.

Answer 105

refer to cameral roll: Diaphysis- The shaft or body of the bone, made of compact bone. Epiphyses- The distal and proximal ends of the bone that form joints, made of spongy bone covered in a layer of compact bone. Metaphysis- The regions where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses. Articular Cartilage- A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses where the bone articulates with other bones. Periosteum- A tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue and blood vessels surrounding the parts of the bone outside the articular cartilage. Medullary Cavity- The hollow space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow. Endosteum- The thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Answer 106

Found in the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis. Contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through the process of hematopoiesis. Plays a crucial role in the body's blood cell production. the red bone marrow is the site of active blood cell production

Answer 107

Consists mainly of adipose (fat) cells and occupies the cavities of most bones. Serves as a storage site for triglycerides, providing a reserve of energy for the body. Can be converted back to red marrow if the body needs to increase blood cell production. while the yellow bone marrow acts as an energy storage depot for the body

Answer 108

Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones (p.11) Found in the vertebrae and some facial bones. Have complex shapes that don't fit into the other categories.

Answer 109

Found in the limbs, such as the femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and phalanges. Have a greater length than width and consist of a shaft and ends.

Answer 110

Found in the wrist and ankle, such as the carpals and tarsals. Are cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width.

Answer 111

Flat Bones Found in the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae, and pelvic bones. Are generally thin and provide protection or large surfaces for muscle attachment.

Answer 112

Found in the vertebrae and some facial bones. Have complex shapes that don't fit into the other categories.

Answer 113

Support The skeleton provides a structural framework that gives shape and support to the body. The pelvic and lower limb bones support the weight of the body. Protection The bones protect vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs from injury. Movement Bones provide attachment points for skeletal muscles, allowing for movement. Joints between bones facilitate various types of body movements. Mineral Homeostasis Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which are important for many metabolic processes. Bone can also accumulate harmful elements like lead and radium. Blood Cell Production Red bone marrow within certain bones produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Triglyceride Storage Yellow bone marrow, consisting mainly of fat cells, stores triglycerides as an energy reserve.

Answer 114

the female pelvis is wider and shallower, with a larger pelvic inlet, to accommodate childbirth. In contrast, the male pelvis is narrower and deeper, with a smaller pelvic inlet. These structural differences allow the female pelvis to provide the necessary space for a baby to pass through during delivery.

Answer 115

Decreased bone mass and strength: As we age, our bones tend to lose density and become more brittle, a condition known as osteoporosis. This is because bone resorption by osteoclasts starts to outpace bone deposition by osteoblasts. Reduced gland function: The number and efficiency of sweat and oil glands decreases with age, leading to drier skin and less effective temperature regulation. Slower hair growth and graying: Hair follicles and melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) slow down, causing hair to thin, turn gray, and eventually stop growing altogether. Impaired wound healing: The number of Langerhans immune cells decreases, and the skin's protective barrier function declines, making older individuals more prone to infections and slower to heal. Loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle mass: This makes older people more susceptible to pressure ulcers (bedsores) due to reduced cushioning over bony prominences.

Answer 116

Bone (osseous) tissue Dense connective tissue Epithelium Adipose tissue Nervous tissue

Answer 117

Organized in concentric rings around osteonic canals Provides strength and protection

Answer 118

Irregular network of bony trabeculae with spaces in between Filled with red bone marrow for blood cell production Provides lightness and flexibility

Answer 119

The skull is made up of 22 bones, including 8 cranial bones, 13 facial bones, and the mandible. * The cranium encloses and protects the brain, provides attachments for muscles, and contains air-filled sinuses that reduce its weight. * Features of the frontal bone include supraorbital foramina and frontal sinuses.

Answer 120

-The maxilla forms the upper jaw, hard palate, floor of the orbits, sides of the nasal cavity, house the upper teeth, and contain large maxillary sinuses. * Palatine bones are L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae that form the floor of the nasal cavity and hard cavity. Zygomatic bones make up the cheekbones and join with the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches. * The lacrimal bones form part of the medial walls of the orbits. * Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose. * The vomer bone makes up a portion of the nasal septum. - Inferior nasal conchae are fragile, scroll-shaped bones that support mucous membranes within the nasal cavity. * The mandible, or lower jawbone, supports the lower teeth and includes a mandibular condyle, coronoid process, and alveolar arch.

Answer 121

vertebrae and intervertebral disks

Answer 122

The thorax is home to some super important structures, like the heart and the lungs. It's protected by the ribcage, which is made up of 12 pairs of ribs. These ribs help shield the vital organs inside the thorax. The thorax also contains the esophagus, which is the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. And it houses the trachea, which is the airway that brings air to and from the lungs.

Answer 123

the pectoral girdle is made up of the clavicles (collarbones) and the scapulae (shoulder blades). These bones work together to connect the upper limbs (arms) to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, ribs, and vertebral column.

Answer 124

The upper limb, also known as the arm, is the part of the body that extends from the shoulder to the hand. It's made up of several key structures: The shoulder joint - This is where the upper limb connects to the pectoral girdle. It's a ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range of motion. The humerus - This is the long, upper arm bone that connects the shoulder to the elbow. The elbow joint - This hinge joint allows the forearm to flex and extend. The radius and ulna - These are the two bones of the forearm that connect the elbow to the wrist. The wrist joint - This joint connects the forearm to the hand and allows for flexion, extension, and rotation. The hand - Consisting of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, the hand is an incredibly dexterous and versatile part of the upper limb. Together, all of these structures work in harmony to give the upper limb an amazing range of motion and functionality.

Answer 125

The pelvic girdle is the bony structure that connects the lower limbs (legs) to the axial skeleton, which includes the spine and ribcage. It's made up of two hip bones, also known as the os coxae or innominate bones. The pelvic girdle serves several crucial functions: It provides attachment points for many of the muscles that control the movement of the lower limbs, allowing us to walk, run, and jump. 💪 It helps transfer weight and force from the upper body to the lower limbs, distributing the load across the entire skeletal structure. It protects the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, from external forces and impacts. In females, the pelvic girdle undergoes changes during pregnancy to facilitate childbirth.

Answer 126

The lower limb, also known as the leg, is the part of the body that extends from the hip to the foot. It's made up of several key structures: The hip joint - This is where the lower limb connects to the pelvic girdle. It's a ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range of motion. The femur - This is the long, upper leg bone that connects the hip to the knee. The knee joint - This hinge joint allows the lower leg to flex and extend. The tibia and fibula - These are the two bones of the lower leg that connect the knee to the ankle. The ankle joint - This joint connects the lower leg to the foot and allows for flexion, extension, and rotation. The foot - Consisting of the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, the foot is an incredibly complex and versatile part of the lower limb.

Quiz #2- Chapters 5 and 6 Integementary and Skeletal System Flashcards

(165 cards)