quiz 13 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
shape of the eye
A
globe-shaped
2
Q
location of the eye
A
within a hollow bony socket (orbit) in the anterior cranium
3
Q
tunics
A
layers of the eye
4
Q
how many tunics are in the eye
A
three
5
Q
fibrous tunic
A
-outermost layer
-sclera, cornea, conjunctiva
6
Q
vascular tunic
A
-middle layer
-choroid, iris, ciliary body, lens
7
Q
uvea
A
vascular tunic
8
Q
pupil
A
round opening in the center of the iris
9
Q
ciliary body
A
-extension of the choroid
-attaches to suspensory ligaments
-smooth muscles that adjust the shape of the lens to enable the eye to focus on objects in varying distances
10
Q
lens
A
held in place behind the iris by suspensory ligaments, suspended from the ciliary body
11
Q
sensory tunic
A
-innermost layer
-double layered retina
12
Q
what are the two parts of the retina
A
optic disk and optic nerve
13
Q
what are the two visual receptors in the retina
A
rods and cones
14
Q
what are the supporting structures of the eye
A
-eyelids
-eyelashes
-lacrimal gland
-lacrimal ducts
-nasolacrimal duct
15
Q
nasolacrimal duct
A
drains tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity
16
Q
conjunctiva
A
-transparent membrane that covers the insides of the eye
-produces water, clear mucus that traps foreign substances on the surface of the eye
17
Q
sclera
A
-white opaque outer surface
-protects inner structures of the eye
-helps maintain shape
-changes into the cornea
18
Q
cornea
A
-transparent layer
-allows light to enter the eye
-bends (refracts) the rays of light
19
Q
choroid
A
supplies blood to the entire eye
20
Q
iris
A
-center of the eye
-color is determined by genetics
21
Q
rods and cones
A
contain photopigments capable of converting light energy into an electrical impulse that is transmitted to the brain for interpretation
22
Q
rods
A
detect shades of gray at all levels of light
23
Q
cones
A
detect color but operate only at high light levels
24
Q
optic disck
A
-area in the retina where nerve fibers and blood vessels enter and exit
-has no rods or cones, blind spot
-location of the optic nerve
25
cranial nerve II
-optic nerve
-formed from nerve fibers in the eye
-carries impulses from the retina to areas of the brain responsible for processing visual information
26
eyelids and eyelases
protect eyes and prevent foreign substances from enetering
27
lacrimal glands
continuously secrete tears that travel through lacrimal ducts
28
nasolacrimal duct
drains tears from lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity
29
aqueous humor
-clear, water fluid produced continuously by the ciliary body
-carries nutrients and O2 to the cornea and lens
-circulates through the posterior chamber, pupil, and anterior chamber
30
drains into the canal of schlemm
-circular channel around the iris
-absorbed into veins and taken away by the blood
31
vitreous humor
-clear, gel-like substance that helps maintain the shape of the eye
-fills the posterior cavity
-lies between the lens and back of they eye
32
posterior chamber
largest space in the eye
33
extraocular muscles
-control eye movement
-under voluntary control
-attached to the sclera by tendons
34
oculo/o, opthalm/o
eye
35
belphar/o
eyelid
36
opt/o
eye, vision
37
retin/o
retina
38
choroid/o
choroid
39
irid/o
iris
40
corne/o
cornea
41
dacry/o, lacrim/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus, duct, sac, or gland
42
dipl/o
double
43
kerat/o
horny tissue, hard, cornea
44
cor/o, core/o, pupill/o
pupil
45
-opia, -opsia
vision
46
-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
47
-acusis, -cusis
hearing
48
-tropia
turning
49
exo-
outside, outward
50
hyper-
excessive, above normal
51
kerat/o/meter
instrument for measuring (curvature of the) cornea
52
dacry/o/rrhea
discharge or flow from a lacrimal gland
53
intra/ocul/ar
pertaining to within the eye
54
irid/o/plegia
paralysis of the iris
55
belphar/o/ptosis
prolapse of the eyelid
56
retin/o/pathy
disease of the retina
57
conjunctiv/itis
-pink eye
-inflammation of the conjunctiva
-can by caused by bacteria, allergy, or a foreign body
58
exo/tropia
turning outward (of the eyes)
59
vitr/ectomy
excision of the vitreous body
60
scler/osis
abnormal condition of hardening
61
cataract
opacity or clouding of the lens or its surrounding membrane
62
phacoemulsification, intracapsular and extracapsular extraction
surgical methods to remove cataracts
63
IOL
intraocular lens, surgically implanted
64
strabismus
visual defect in which both eyes cannot be directed to focus simultaneously on the same object
65
two types of strabismus
estropia and extropia
66
diplopia
-main symptom of strabismus
-double vision
67
estropia
-eye turns inward
-cross-eye
68
extropia
-eye turns outward
-wall-eye
69
glaucoma
accumulated fluid pressure within the eye damages the retina and optic nerve, often causing blindness
70
IOP
intraocular pressure
71
antiglaucoma
eyes frops to decrease aqueous humor production in the eyes
72
macular degeneration
loss of central and near vision
73
types of macular degeneration
-dry: slow and progressive loss
-wet: sudden onset
74
macula
small area of the retina responsible for central and color vision
75
hordeolum (stye)
inflammatory infection of sebaceous glands of the eyelid
76
achromatopsia
-color blindness
-congenital deficiency in color perception
77
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea and lens that causes light rays to focus unevenly over the retina rather than being focused on a single point, resulting in a distorted image
78
diabetic retinopathy
-occurs in people with diabetes
-manifested by small hemorrhages, edema, and formation of new vessels leading to scarring and eventual vision loss
79
photophobia
unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
80
retinal detachment
separation of the retina from the choroid which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired
81
slit-lamp examination
eye evaluation that provides a 3D view of the eyes interior using a binocular microscope with a high-intensity light soucre
82
tonometry
a small flat disk presses against the cornea of a short burst of air is directed at the cornea to measure IOP and can detect glaucoma
83
visual acuity test
measured with a Snellen chart (letters)
84
20/20
-normal vision
-patient can read at 20 ft what the normal eye can read at 20 ft
85
20/70
-visual impairment
86
20/200
legal blindness
87
audiometer
instrument to measure hearing
88
pupilloscopy
visual examination of the pupil
89
tonometry
act of measuring tension
90
retinits
inflammation of the retina
91
opthalmoplegia
paralysis of the eye
92
cataract surgery
excision of a lens affected by a cataract
93
phacoemulsification
-excision of a lens by ultrasonic vibrations
-tiny particles (lens) are suctioned out of the eye
94
LASIK
-use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism
-reshapes the cornea and improves visual acuity
95
laser photocoagulation
seals leaking or hemorrhaging retinal blood vessels associted with diabetic retinopathy
96
belpharoplast
surgical repair of the eyelid
97
iridectomy
excision of the iris
98
miotics
-cause pupils to constrict
-increase outflow of eye fluids
99
mydriatics
-cause pupils to dilate
-used to prepare eyes for internal examination
100
what are the three main subdivisions of the ear?
external, middle, and inner
101
external ear
-auricle
-external auditory canal
-produces cerumen
102
middle ear
extends from tympanic membrane (eardrum) to oval window
103
oval window
membrane-covered opening to inner ear
104
what are the three ossicles
tiny bones
-malleus (hammer)
-inucs (anvil)
-stapes (stirrup)
105
where are the ossicles
between the tympanic membrane and the oval window
106
inner ear
series of fluid-filled passages known as the labyrinth
107
cochlea
front portion of the labyrinth
108
vestibular apparatus
rear portion of the labyrinth
109
cerumen
-ear wax
-acts as a filter by trapping dust and other foreign substances preventing them from entering internal structures
110
function and shape of auricles
-indented shape
-highly effective receivers of sound waves
-direct sound waves toward inner structures
111
movement of sound waves through the middle ear
-travel through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
-the tympanic membrane vibrates and moves the ossicles
-the stapes vibrates against the oval window
112
organ of corti
-sensitive auditory area in the cochlea
-filled with tiny hair cells that relay sound waves to auditory nerve fibers
113
cochlea
-snail-shaped portion of the labyrinth
-contains liquids for vibrations to travel through
-perilymph and endolymph
114
how do sound waves reach the inner ear
the stapes vibrates against the oval window and transmits sound waves
115
how do sound waves reach the brain
movement of the hair follicles in the organ of corti from the sound waves stimulates the auditory nerves which carry the electrical impulse to the brain
116
ot/o
ear
117
myring/o
tympanic membrane
118
acous/o, audi/o, audit/o
hearing
119
tympan/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
120
salping/o
tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian/auditory tube)
121
-acusis
hearing
122
-opsia
vision
123
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
124
-tropia
turning
125
ot/o/rrhea
discharge from the ear
126
ot/o/laryng/o/list
specialist in the study of ear and throat (disorders)
127
tympan/o/rrhexis
rupture of the eardrum
128
ot/o/py/o/rrhea
discharge or flow of pus from the ear
129
an/acusia, an/acusis
without or not hearing (deafness)
130
ot/o/dynia, ot/algia
pain in the ear
131
ot/itis
inflammation of the ear
132
ot/o/scope
instrument to examine the ear(s)
133
acoustic, auditory
pertaining to hearing
134
labyrinth/o/tomy
incision of the labyrinth (inner ear)
135
presby/cusis, presby/acusia
hearing (loss) resulting from old age
136
audi/o/meter
instrument to measure hearing
137
otitis media
accumulation of fluid within the structure of the middle ear, causes an earache
138
myringoplasty and tympanoplasty
surgical procedures to repair a ruptured tympanic membrane as a result of severe otitis media
139
pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes
surgically inserted into the tympanic membrane to equalize pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear for treatment of otitis media
140
hearing loss
temporary or permanent loss of hearing that can vary with type and cause of impairment
141
treatments for hearing loss
-medication to treat infections and dissolve cerumen
-stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, cochlear implant, and myringotomy
-hearing aids
142
conductive hearing loss
hearing loss caused by an impairment in transmission of sound because of an obstruction of the ear canal or damage tot he eardrum or ossicles
143
Meniere disease
rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to progressive hearing loss
144
otosclerosis
progressive deafness resulting from ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
145
presbycusis
impairment of hearing that results from the aging process
146
tinnitus
ringing or tinkling noise heard constantly or intermittently in one or both ears, even in a quiet environment
147
vertigo
sensation of moving around in space or a feeling of dizziness or spinning
148
tuning fork tests
evaluation of sound conduction using a vibrating tuning fork
149
rinne test
-tuning fork test
-evaluates bone versus air conduction of sound
150
weber test
-tuning fork test
-evaluates bone conduction in both ears at the same time
-hearing is normal when sound is heard equally in both ears
151
audiometry
test that uses an audiometer and measures hearing acuity at various sound-wave frequencies
152
audiometer
-delivers acoustic stimuli at different frequencies
-results are plotted on a graph called an audiogram
153
otoscopy
visual examination of external auditory canal and tympanic membrane using an otoscope that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure
154
audi/o/metry
act of measuring hearing
155
tympan/o/plasty, myring/o/plasty
aurgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
156
tympan/o/plasty, myring/o/plasty
aurgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
157
ot/o/plasty
surgical repair of the ear
158
ot/o/sclerosis
abnormal condition of ear hardening
159
ear irrigation
flushing of the external ear canal with a low-pressure stream of sterile water or sterile saline to remove impacted cerumen or a foreign body
160
myring/o/tomy
incision of the tympanic membrane followed by the insertion of a PE tube to treat chronic otitis media
161
cochlear implants
an electrode is placed in the cochlea and delivers electrical stimuli directly to the auditory nerve
162
vertigo and motion sickness drugs
-decrease sensitivity of inner ear to motion
-prevent nerve impulses from inner ear reaching the vomiting center of the brain
163
wax emulsifiers
loosen and help remove impacted cerumen
