Quiz 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Discuss the levels of organization of the human body
Cells join together and form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs form organ systems.
describe three ways essential nutrients support cell functions.
Carbs, protein and fats supply the energy needed to break down older substances
What is an organelle?
compartments, particles or filaments that perform specialized functions within a cell
choose three organelles and explain their relevance to human nutrition
- Mitochondria-converting the food energy in energy-yielding nutrients to a from of energy the cell can use (aerobic process)
- Nucleus- contains the genetic material responsible for controlling actions that occur in the cell
- lysosomes- cell’s digestive system. sacs that contain enzymes
What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions? How does ATP fit into cellular metabolism?
Anabolism: The buildup of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
Catabolism: The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones
ATP: direct source of energy
List the four types of tissues and give an example of where you could find each in the body
- Epithelial- line blood vessels and organs
- Connective- tendons and ligaments
- muscle- heart
- Nervous- brain and spinal cord
three examples of ways the organs of one system support the function of another
- Circulatory and respiratory systems: cir provides oxygen that the respiratory delivers
- Digestive and Urinary: Dig breaks down food and sends it to the urinary
- Skeletal and Muscular: Skel provides bones where muscles sit
What is hepatic portal?
vein that leads directly into the liver
Which nutrients are absorbed into the lymph? why?
fat because they are too large to enter the blood stream directly
Describe how nutrients, oxygen and wastes are exchanged between the body’s internal and external environments
through the cardiovascular system
The kidneys filter wastes from the blood, Trace the path of waste products out the body
from kidney through the ureter to the bladder. From the bladder to the urethra
How are kidneys involved in bone health?
help regulate calcium and phosphorus
How are sodium and potassium involved in nerve impulse transmission?
any time there is a change in one of them the nervous system corrects the change
How are signals transmitted between one neuron and the next? Why are amino acids important in this process?
they are transformed into neurotransmitters (chemical) then is sent into the gap and its targeted by another neuron. Amino acids they help convert things into neurotransmitters
Which nutrient is the brain’s preferred source of fuel?
Carbs in the form of glucose
How does the pancreases have both endocrine and exocrine roles?
it breaks down proteins, lipids cars etc. it also secretes hormones insulin and glucagon
What effect does insulin have on the storage of nutrients?
if there is to many nutrients then the body has to store them because insulin can’t break them all down
Will a person with hypothyroidism tend to lose or gain weight?
gain weight because these people can’t make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally, can’t burn off the energy
Contrast nonspecific (innate) and specific (adaptive) immunity?
innate- physical barriers, chemicals in the blood, activated by chemical properties
specific- recognized and processed, then creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack the antigen
What are the roles of antigens and antibodies in the immune response?
an antigen enters the body and then the body produces antibodies to fight it
three nutrients that support the immune system
fatty acids, iron, copper zinc vitamins A, C, D
three secretions of the digestive system. where? What is the roe?
- Saliva- mouth, lubrication of food for swallowing and contain enzymes that make minor contribution to starch and fat digestion
- Enzymes- mouth, stomach, small intestine, pancreases; promote digestion of carbs, fats and proteins into forms small enough for absorption
- Acid- stomach; promotes digestion of protein, destroys pathogens, solubilizes some minerals
What are enzymes? is bile an enzyme?
compound that speeds the rate of chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction. Bile isn’t an enzyme because it isn’t a protein
Which absorptive processes use energy? How does concentration gradient factor into this?
active absorption- help move the nutrients to a high area of concentration to a low area
