Quiz 3 Flashcards
What are two infantile reflexes?
- withdrawing limbs from pain.
- rooting reflex: a baby responds to touch on the cheeck by turning its head
Describe the general sequence of motor development.
Cephalocaudal rule – “top-to-bottom.” The tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet.
Proximodistal rule – “inside-to-outside.” Tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from center to periphery
see study guide for acutal sequence!!!
theories about, or models of, the way the world works.
schemas (piaget)
we interpret new experiences using our current schemas.
assimilation (piaget)
we revise our schemas to fit the new info.
Accommodation (piaget)
Ability humans have to recognize and attribute mental states not only in themselves but in other people, and to understand that our feelings might be diff than other people
children with autism have difficulty with theory of mind
Theory of mind
the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance.
Starts to develop in concrete operational stage.
Conservation
the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.
Starts to develop in sensorimotor stage
Not developed in young infants ( < 4 months old
Object permanence
the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.
Starts to develop in sensorimotor stage
Not developed in young infants ( < 4 months old
Object permanence
what sort of preferences do babies have?
We are born preferring certain sights and sounds.
We turn our head in the direction of human voices.
We prefer to look at things that are 8 to 12 inches away (distance btw. Nursing baby’s eyes and its mother’s eyes.
We can sense our mother’s smell and voice.
We gaze longer at face like images.
What is attachment & what are the different attachment styles?
Attachment – powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers
60% of Americans = Securely Attached
20% of Americans = Avoidant
15% of Americans = Ambivalent
5% of Americans = Disorganized
Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
Preconventional – morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences.
Conventional – morality is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules.
Postconventional – morality is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.
Explain why protraction of adolescence can relate to risky behavior.
Onset of puberty varies across groups and generations.
Body fat and stress hormones hasten the onset of puberty.
Puberty has earlier onset in modern society.
Girls with early puberty tend to have more negative consequences than others.
Protracted adolescence may be related to risky behavior.
When girls mature early, they seem to have several disadvantages right away, Rudolph says. They compare themselves more negatively to their peers. They’re more anxious and less confident in their relationships with family and friends. And they are more likely to hang out with friends — often, older pals — who engage in risky behaviors such as early sexual behavior and substance use. Such peer influence seems to be a major risk factor for mental health problems among early-maturing kids, says Rona Carter, PhD, a psychologist at the University of Michigan. “If you’re hanging around peers [who are] engaging in risky behaviors, you’re more likely to engage in the same kinds of behaviors,” she says.
if children look physically older, “parents might grant them more freedom than perhaps their chronological age would suggest.”
Explain how abilities (sensory, motor, memory) change over time, and how we compensate.
After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks.
At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.
As we age, we remember some things well.
These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back.
Recalling names becomes increasingly difficult.
Older people use compensatory strategies to make up for other declining functions.
May not type as quickly, but can type more accurately.
Use multiple neural structures to help solve a problem.
What are some methods for testing personality?
self-report – questionnaire that asks people to report how much particular statements describe their personality.
rorschach Inkblot Test – interpret meaning of unstructured inkblots.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – make up stories about ambiguous pictures.
