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Cognitive Psychology > Quiz 3: Visual Perception > Flashcards

Quiz 3: Visual Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimuli through sensory organs.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Set of processes by which we recognize,
organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli; relate to identity and form, pattern, and movement.

A

Perception

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3
Q

Occurs when this information is used to determine further goals.

A

Cognition

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4
Q

Who proposed perceptual framework?

A

James Gibson

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5
Q

Object in the external world.

A

Distal Object

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6
Q

Carries info to the person.

A

Informational Medium

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7
Q

Sensory organ receives info.

A

Proximal Stimulation

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8
Q

Mental image

A

Perceptual Object

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9
Q

Mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived.

A

Mental percept/Percept

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10
Q

Receptor cells adapt to constant stimulation by not firing until there is a change in stimulation.

A

Sensory Adaptation

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11
Q

Gray field replacing stimulus after senses adapt.

A

Ganzfeld Effect

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12
Q

A clear dome that protects the eye.

A

Cornea

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13
Q

The opening in the center of the iris.

A

Pupil

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14
Q

A gel-like substance that makes up the majority of the eye.

A

Vitreous humor

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15
Q

Where electromagnetic light energy is transduced & converted to neural
electrochemical impulses.

A

Retina

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16
Q

A small, thin region of the retina, the size of
the head of a pin; where vision is most acute.

A

Fovea

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17
Q

Convert light energy into electrochemical energy that is transmitted by neurons to the brain.

A

Photoreceptors

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18
Q

Chemical substances that react to light and transform physical electromagnetic energy into an electrochemical neural impulse that can be understood by the brain.

A

Photo pigments

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19
Q

Long and thin photoreceptors.

A

Rods

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20
Q

Short and thick photoreceptors and allow for the perception of color.

A

Cones

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21
Q

2 fasciculi where info from primary virtual cortex is forwarded to.

A

Dorsal Pathway (Where)
Ventral Pathway (what)

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22
Q

Ascends to parietal lobe; also called the where pathway and is responsible for processing location and motion information; controls
movements in relation to the objects that have been identified through the what pathway.

A

Dorsal Pathway

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23
Q

Descends to temporal lobe; called the what pathway because it is mainly responsible for processing the color, shape, and identity of visual stimuli; responsible for the
identification of objects.

A

Ventral Pathway

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24
Q

What object is & where it is.

A

WHAT-WHERE HYPOTHESIS

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25
What object is & how it functions.
WHAT-HOW HYPOTHESIS
26
About where something is located in space; always present in visual information processing.
Spatial information
27
Describe approaches in which perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye; data-driven.
BOTTOM-UP THEORIES
28
Driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception.
TOP-DOWN THEORIES
29
A theory which states that the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything; “ecological perception”; sufficient contextual info exists to make perceptual judgement .
Gibson’s theory of direct perception (1979)
30
Suggest that our minds store myriad sets of templates.
Template theories
31
Highly detailed models for patterns we might recognize.
Templates
32
Depth & distance; relative proximity/distance & object parts.
Texture Gradients
33
Mind stores templates & patterns that we recognize; obtaining chunks of knowledge to long-term storage can later be accessed for fast recognition.
CHUNK-BASED THEORY
34
We attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or prototype.
FEATURE-MATCHING THEORY
35
4 types of demon.
Image Demons Feature Demons Cognitive Demons Decision Demons
36
In this model, metaphorical “demons” with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus.
THE PANDEMONIUM THEORY
37
Feature that give a form its overall shape.
Global Feature
38
When the letters are close together at the local level, people have problems identifying the local stimuli (small letters) if they are not concordant with the global stimulus (big letter).
Global Precedence Effect
39
Constitute the small-scale or detailed aspects of a given pattern.
Local Feature
40
When the letters on the local level are relatively far apart from each other, it is harder for people to identify the global stimulus (big letter) if it is not concordant with the local stimuli (small letters).
Local Precedence Effect
41
We quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons.
Recognition-by-components (RBC) Theory
42
Who proposed pandemonium theory.
Oliver Selfridge
43
You can recognize an object even if it is partly obscured by another object.
Viewpoint-invariant
44
The influences of the surrounding environment on perception.
Context effects
45
The perceiver builds (constructs) a cognitive understanding (perception) of a stimulus; the concepts of the perceiver and his or her cognitive processes influence what he or she sees.
Constructive/Intelligent perception
46
Plays an important role in perception; also emphasizes the role of learning in perception.
Higher-order thinking
47
The process by which we unconsciously assimilate information from a number of sources to create a perception.
Unconscious Inference
48
Objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than the objects presented in isolation, even if the objects in the configurations are more complex than those in isolation.
Configural-superiority effect
49
A target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D object is identified more accurately than a target that forms a part of a disconnected 2-D pattern.
Object-superiority effect
50
Indicates that when people are presented with strings of letters, it is easier for them to identify a single letter if the string makes sense and forms a word instead of being just a nonsense sequel of letters.
Word-superiority effect
51
Individual stores the way the object looks to him or her.
Viewer-centered perception
52
Individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer.
Object-centered perception
53
Information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item.
Landmark-centered perception
54
Useful for understanding how we perceive groups of objects or even parts of objects to form integral wholes.
Gestalt laws
55
We tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form.
LAW OF PRAGNANZ
56
What stands out from, versus what recedes into, the background.
Figure-ground
57
Two different pattern recognition systems, according to Martha Farah.
Feature Analysis System Configurational System
58
Specializes in recognizing parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes.
Feature Analysis System
59
Specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects or the construction of the objects.
Configurational System
60
This brain area responds intensely when we look at faces but not when we look at other objects.
Fusiform gyrus
61
According to this theory, the fusiform gyrus is activated when one examines items with which one has visual expertise.
Expert-individuation hypothesis.
62
Occurs when our perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of the distal object changes.
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
63
2 main constancies.
SIZE CONSTANCY SHAPE CONSTANCY
64
The perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus.
SIZE CONSTANCY
65
The perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in the shape of proximal stimulus.
SHAPE CONSTANCY
66
The distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference surface.
Depth
67
2 depth cues
Monocular depth cues Binocular depth cues
68
Can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye.
Monocular depth cues
69
Based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes.
Binocular depth cues
70
2 kinds of information under the binocular depth cues.
Binocular disparity Binocular convergence
71
Your two eyes send increasingly disparate (differing) images to your brain as objects approach you.
Binocular disparity
72
Your two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach you.
Binocular convergence
73
Neurons that specialize in the perception of depth.
Binocular neurons
74
Trouble perceiving sensory information.
Agnosia
75
Kinds of agnosia
SIMULTAGNOSIA PROSOPAGNOSIA
76
An individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.
SIMULTAGNOSIA
77
Severely impaired ability to recognize human faces.
PROSOPAGNOSIA
78
An impaired ability to use the visual system to guide movement; people with this deficit have trouble reaching for things.
Optic Ataxia
79
Least common, people with this condition have no color vision at all; in this condition the cones are nonfunctional.
Rod monochromacy / achromacy
80
Only two of the mechanisms for color perception work, and one is malfunctioning; people with this form of color-blindness have difficulty in distinguishing red from green although they may be able to distinguish, for example, dark red from light green.
Dichromacy
81
The extreme form of red-green color blindness.
Protanopia
82
Trouble seeing greens with symptoms similar to protanopia.
Deuteranopia
83
Confusions of blues and greens, and yellows that disappear or appear as light shades of reds.
Tritanopia

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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