Chapter 11: Problem Solving and Creativity

Question 1

An effort to overcome obstacles obstructing the path to a solution.

Answer 1

Problem Solving

Question 2

The situation at the outset in which the problem is not yet solved.

Answer 2

Initial State

Question 3

The condition under which the problem
has been solved.

Answer 3

Goal State

Question 4

7 problem solving cycle.

Answer 4

Problem identification
Problem definition and representation
Strategy formulation
Organization of formation
Allocation of resources
Monitoring
Evaluation

Question 5

Do we actually have a problem?

Answer 5

Problem identification

Question 6

What exactly is our problem?

Answer 6

Problem definition and representation

Question 7

How can we solve the problem?

Answer 7

Strategy formulation

Question 8

4 types of strategy formulation.

Answer 8

Analysis
Synthesis
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking

Question 9

Breaking down the whole of a complex problem into manageable elements.

Answer 9

Analysis

Question 10

Putting together various elements to arrange them into something useful.

Answer 10

Synthesis

Question 11

Trying to generate a diverse assortment of
possible alternative solutions.

Answer 11

Divergent thinking

Question 12

Narrow down the multiple possibilities to converge on a single best answer.

Answer 12

Convergent thinking

Question 13

How do the various pieces of information in the problem fit together?

Answer 13

Organization of formation

Question 14

How much time, effort, and money should I put into this problem?

Answer 14

Allocation of resources

Question 15

Am I on track as I proceed to solve the problem?

Answer 15

Monitoring

Question 16

Did I solve the problem correctly?

Answer 16

Evaluation

Question 17

3 Errors in well-structured problem.

Answer 17

Inadvertently moving backwards
Making illegal moves
Not realizing the nature of the next legal move

Question 18

Revert to a state that is further from the end goal.

Answer 18

Inadvertently moving backwards

Question 19

A move that is not permitted according to the terms of the problems.

Answer 19

Making illegal moves

Question 20

They become “stuck”.

Answer 20

Not realizing the nature of the next legal move

Question 21

Universe of all possible actions that can be applied to solving a problem.

Answer 21

Problem space

Question 22

Observed that humans must use mental
shortcuts to solve problems, termed as heuristics.

Answer 22

Newell and Simon

Question 23

An informal, intuitive, speculative strategies that sometimes lead to an effective solution and sometimes do not.

Answer 23

Heuristics

Question 24

Solving the problem by decreasing the distance between the current position in the problem space and the end goal in that space.

Answer 24

Means-end analysis

Question 25

Start at the beginning and attempt to solve the problem from the start to finish.

Answer 25

Working forward

Question 26

Start at the end and attempt to work backward from there.

Answer 26

Working backward

Question 27

Generate alternative courses of action, not necessarily in a systematic way, and note whether each course of action will work.

Answer 27

Generate and test

Question 28

Lacks clear paths to solutions.

Answer 28

Ill-structured problems

Question 29

Gestalt psychologist who wrote about productive thinking and reproductive thinking.

Answer 29

Max Wertheimer

Question 30

Involves insight that go beyond the bounds of existing associations.

Answer 30

Productive thinking

Question 31

Is based on existing associations involving what is already known.

Answer 31

Reproductive thinking

Question 32

2 Obstacles and aids to problem solving.

Answer 32

Mental set Entrenchment

Question 33

A frame of mind involving an existing model for representing a problem.

Answer 33

Mental set

Question 34

Another term for mental set.

Answer 34

Entrenchment

Question 35

3 types of mental set.

Answer 35

Functional fixedness Stereotypes Stereotype threat

Question 36

Inability to realize that something known to have a particular use also may be used to perform other functions.

Answer 36

Functional fixedness

Question 37

Beliefs that members of a social group tend more or less uniformly to have particular types of characteristics.

Answer 37

Stereotypes

Question 38

Being aware of stereotypes about their group also can limit people’s performance.

Answer 38

Stereotype threat

Question 39

Carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another.

Answer 39

Transfer

Question 40

2 types of transfer.

Answer 40

Negative transfer Positive transfer

Question 41

Occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it harder to solve a later one.

Answer 41

Negative transfer

Question 42

Occurs when the solution of an earlier problem makes it easier to solve a new problem.

Answer 42

Positive transfer

Question 43

If they find a relationship, they may have a starting point to solve the new problem.

Answer 43

Analogical problem solving

Question 44

Putting the problem aside for a while without consciously thinking about it—offers one way in which to minimize negative transfer.

Answer 44

Incubation

Question 45

A theory that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind.

Answer 45

Embodied cognition

Question 46

Is/Are superior skills or achievements reflecting a well-developed and well-organized knowledge based.

Answer 46

Expertise

Question 47

A person who, by devoting a large amount of time to learn a particular skill/field and applying and practicing that learning.

Answer 47

Expert

Question 48

Statements made by problem solvers that can lead to increased problem-solving ability.

Answer 48

Verbal protocols

Question 49

Low-level skills become automatic.

Answer 49

Automaticity

Question 50

Involves developing rich, highly organized schemas.

Answer 50

Schematization

Question 51

Involves consolidating sequences of steps into unified routines that require little or no conscious control.

Answer 51

Automatization

Question 52

Retains memories in a stable form but can be accessed only with adequate retrieval cues.

Answer 52

Long-term working memory

Question 53

Looking ahead allows experts to produce signs more quickly than do novices.

Answer 53

Prediction Skills

Question 54

The process of producing something that is both original and worthwhile.

Answer 54

Creativity

Question 55

Divergent production, it is the generation of a diverse assortment of appropriate responses, an approach originated by Guilford.

Answer 55

Measures of Creativity

Question 56

Creative process both effortful and/or spontaneous.

Answer 56

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 57

Verbal working memory, task switching, and imagination.

Answer 57

Brodmann’s Area (BA 39)