Chapter I

Question 1

Study of how people perceive, learn, remember, & think about information; explains both normal & abnormal minds.

Answer 1

Cognitive Psychology

Question 2

A developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange of ideas; seeking a synthesis of two or more seemingly opposing viewpoints.

Answer 2

Dialectic manner

Question 3

3 ways of dialectic manner.

Answer 3

Thesis
Antithesis
Synthesis

Question 4

A way of dialectic manner for making a theory; statement of belief.

Answer 4

Thesis

Question 5

A way of dialectic manner for countering a theory.

Answer 5

Antithesis

Question 6

A way of dialectic manner for combining or merging theories; integrates the most credible
features of each of two (or more) views.

Answer 6

Synthesis

Question 7

Cognitive Psychology started with?

Answer 7

Philosophy and Physiology

Question 8

Seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection; covert behavior.

Answer 8

Philosophy

Question 9

Examination of inner ideas and experiences; conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes.

Answer 9

Introspection

Question 10

Believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical method.

Answer 10

Rationalist

Question 11

Seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living
matter, primarily through empirical methods; overt behavior.

Answer 11

Physiology

Question 12

Believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence.

Answer 12

Empiricist

Question 13

French philosopher; follower of Plato; viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth; “Cogito ergo sum, dubito ergo sum”.

Answer 13

René Descartes (Nativist)

Question 14

What does Cogito mean?

Answer 14

Thinking

Question 15

What does Dubito mean?

Answer 15

Doubt

Question 16

British philosopher; follower of Aristotle; believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation; experiences and environment.

Answer 16

John Locke

Question 17

Who made the tabula rasa theory?

Answer 17

John Locke

Question 18

A theory which argues that, at birth, the mind is a a blank slate that we fill with ‘ideas’ as we experience the world through the five senses.

Answer 18

Tabula rasa

Question 19

A phrase made by a British empiricist which says that we know nothing except our experiences.

Answer 19

Essi est percepi

Question 20

School of thoughts in Cognitive Psychology.

Answer 20

Structuralism
Functionalism
Associationism
Behaviourism
Gestalt Psychology

Question 21

Wilhelm Wundt; seeks to understand the
structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components; where elementary processes of perception started; first major school of thought.

Answer 21

Structuralism

Question 22

German psychologist whose ideas contributed
to the development of structuralism.

Answer 22

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 23

William James; seeks to understand what people do and why they do it; about the processes of thoughts; ; study about perception, attention, and consciousness.

Answer 23

Functionalism

Question 24

Believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness; they also want to know what
we can do with our knowledge of what people do.

Answer 24

Pragmatists

Question 25

Ivan Pavlov; a philosophy which says that complex mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory, can be wholly or mainly explained by the associative links formed between ideas according to specific laws; examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.

Answer 25

Associationism

Question 26

Associations may result from?

Answer 26

Contiguity Similarity

Question 27

Associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time.

Answer 27

Contiguity

Question 28

Associating things with similar features or properties.

Answer 28

Similarity

Question 29

Was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically; studied his own mental processes.

Answer 29

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 30

The conscious repetition of material to be learned.

Answer 30

Rehearsal

Question 31

What kind of psychologist is Ivan Pavlov?

Answer 31

Associationist

Question 32

Held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations; termed the principle the "law and effect"; believed that an organism learns to respond in a given way in a given situation if it is rewarded repeatedly for doing so.

Answer 32

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 33

A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.

Answer 33

Law of effect

Question 34

Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli; may be considered an extreme version of associationism.

Answer 34

Behaviorism

Question 35

The “father” of radical behaviorism; believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior.

Answer 35

John B. Watson

Question 36

A radical behaviorist; believed that virtually all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the environment; operant conditioning.

Answer 36

B.F. Skinner

Question 37

States that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes; the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.

Answer 37

Gestalt/Gestalt Psychology

Question 38

Belief that most human behavior explains how people think; rejects the behavioristic notion that psychologists should avoid studying mental processes just because they are unobservable; in part, a synthesis of earlier forms of analysis, such as behaviorism and Gestaltism.

Answer 38

Cognitivism

Question 39

Who attributed the phrase, “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”?

Answer 39

Aristotle

Question 40

Considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior.

Answer 40

Karl Spencer Lashley

Question 41

Supported Lashley; proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain; said that cell association are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation.

Answer 41

Donald Hebb

Question 42

2 psychologists who used "thesis" in their theories.

Answer 42

Karl Spencer Lashley Donald Hebb

Question 43

Contradicted Lashley and Hebb; said that language could only be learned through reinforcement; wrote an entire book describing how language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental contingencies.

Answer 43

BF Skinner

Question 44

A psychologist who used "antithesis" in their theory.

Answer 44

BF Skinner

Question 45

Said that human brain structures naturally allow for the capacity to learn and use languages; stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language.

Answer 45

Noam Chomsky

Question 46

A linguist who used "synthesis" in their theory.

Answer 46

Noam Chomsky

Question 47

Laws of studying perception; counters John Locke.

Answer 47

Resemblance Togetherness Cause & Effect

Question 48

German philosopher; synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have their place; one's ability to perceive time and space.

Answer 48

Immanuel Kant

Question 49

Made the theory about cognitive map.

Answer 49

Edward Tolman

Question 50

Mental shortcuts we use to process information.

Answer 50

Heuristics

Question 51

Judges whether a computer program’s output was indistinguishable from the output of humans.

Answer 51

Turing test

Question 52

What year was AI invented?

Answer 52

1956

Question 53

Defined as human attempts to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information.

Answer 53

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Question 54

Types of research methods in Cognitive Psychology.

Answer 54

Laboratory Experiments Controlled Experiments Neuroscientific Research Self Reports Case Studies Naturalistic Observation Computer Simulation & AI

Question 55

An organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations.

Answer 55

Theory

Question 56

Tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.

Answer 56

Hypotheses

Question 57

Indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.

Answer 57

Statistical significance

Question 58

Research methods that are used for acquiring empirical data; proves theory.

Answer 58

Laboratory Experiments Controlled Experiments Neuroscientific Research Computer Simulation & AI

Question 59

Research methods used for theory-making & stablishing hypothesis; supplies information for empirical data.

Answer 59

Self Reports Case Studies Naturalistic Observation

Question 60

Research method that is conducted within a laboratory.

Answer 60

Laboratory Experiment

Question 61

Research method that can be done anywhere; experimenter controls as many aspects of the experimental situation as possible.

Answer 61

Controlled Experiment

Question 62

Variable that is controlled or manipulated in an experiment; carefully regulated by the experimenter; given to the participants.

Answer 62

Independent variable

Question 63

Outcome responses, the values of which depend on how or more independent variables influence or affect the participants in the experiment.

Answer 63

Dependent Variable

Question 64

Irrelevant variables that are held constant; can be controlled within the experiment; setting & condition.

Answer 64

Control variable

Question 65

Type of irrelevant variable that has been left uncontrolled in a study; unexpected circumstances.

Answer 65

Confounding variable

Question 66

Involves estimating the time a cognitive process takes by subtracting the amount of time information processing takes with the process from the time it takes without the process.

Answer 66

Subtraction method

Question 67

Parameters used when doing the subtraction method.

Answer 67

Precision Accuracy No. of errors

Question 68

Study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures.

Answer 68

Neuroscientific Research

Question 69

"What's happening?" "Where is it happening?"

Answer 69

Cerebral events Cognitive structures

Question 70

Study of the brain of a dead individual; relating the individual’s cognitive function before death to observable features of the brain.

Answer 70

Postmortem

Question 71

An individual’s own account of cognitive processes.

Answer 71

Self-reports

Question 72

Examples of self-reports.

Answer 72

Journal Diary Guided questionnaires

Question 73

In-depth studies of individuals.

Answer 73

Case studies

Question 74

The degree to which particular findings in one environmental context may be considered relevant outside of that context.

Answer 74

Ecological validity

Question 75

Detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts; natural setting.

Answer 75

Naturalistic observation

Question 76

Computer program are initiated to imitate to perform a specific cognitive process.

Answer 76

Computer Simulation and AI

Question 77

A cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and methods from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, AI, philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.

Answer 77

Cognitive science