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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter II > Flashcards

Chapter II Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of how the brain and other aspects of the nervous system are linked to cognitive processing & behavior; discussed the anatomy (structures) and mechanisms (how it works) of the brain.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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2
Q

What is the main organ in Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

Brain

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3
Q

The organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotion and motivation.

A

Brain

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4
Q

Processes all stimuli in the environment.

A

Reactive

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5
Q

Give information to different parts of the body to tell them what to do.

A

Directive

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6
Q

Refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors.

A

Localization of function

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7
Q

The basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us.

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

3 parts of the brain.

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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9
Q

Part of the brain that if first to develop; responsible for survival; can be seen in most animals.

A

Hindbrain

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10
Q

Parts of Hindbrain

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

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11
Q

Part of the hindbrain that is responsible for heart activities, digestion, and swallowing; part of the brainstem; can be felt at the nape; only part that isn’t protected by the skull.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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12
Q

Part of the Hindbrain that contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to
another; acts as bridges; all of its axons are extended to different parts of the brain for faster transportation of information.

A

Pons

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13
Q

Part of the Hindbrain that is responsible for body balance, coordination, muscle tone & procedural memory; “little cerebrum”

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

Part of the brain that is responsible for eye coordination & eye movement.

A

Midbrain

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15
Q

Parts of Midbrain

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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16
Q

Part of the midbrain that is a network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness,
including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such
as heartbeat and breathing; extends from midbrain to hindbrain.

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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17
Q

Connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.

A

Brainstem

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18
Q

The region of the brain located toward the top and front of the brain.

A

Forebrain

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19
Q

Parts of Forebrain

A

Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Cerebral Cortex

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20
Q

Part of the Forebrain that are collections of neurons crucial to motor function; dysfunction can result in motor deficits.

A

Basal ganglia

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21
Q

Part of the Forebrain that is important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning.

A

Limbic system

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22
Q

Organs included in the limbic system.

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Organ in the limbic system that is responsible for declarative memory, autobiographical memory, life experiences, memory formation, & spatial memory.

A

Hippocampus

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24
Q

A disease that produces loss of memory function.

A

Korsakoff ’s syndrome.

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25
Organ in the limbic system that is an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression; perception of emotional stimuli; social cognition.
Amygdala
26
This is how we respond in a social environment.
Social cognition
27
Most important function of amygdala.
Perception of emotional stimuli
28
Organ in the limbic system that is involved in anger and fear.
Septum
29
Organ in the limbic system that relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex; acts as the switchboard; regulates sending of signals.
Thalamus
30
Organ in the limbic system that regulates behavior related to species survival; responsible for 4 Fs; consciousness, pressure, pain; stimulates pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
31
What are the 4 Fs?
Fight Flight Feeding (appetite) Fucking (mating)
32
Part of the Forebrain that is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres; plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.
Cerebral cortex
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In human beings, the many convolutions, or creases, of the cerebral cortex include three elements:
Sulci Fissures Gyri
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Small grooves
Sulci
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Large grooves
Fissures
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Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures.
Gyri
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2 types of cerebral cortex.
White matter Gray matter
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Interior cover of the cerebral cortex.
White matter
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Grayish surface of the cerebral cortex.
Gray matter
40
2 parts of the cerebral hemisphere.
Left hemisphere Right hemisphere
41
A dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
42
Hemisphere that is responsible for logic, mathematics, verbal reasoning, analytical thinking, and ordering.
Left hemisphere
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Hemisphere that is responsible for reading, writing, creative thinking, artistic abilities, feelings, visualization, imagination, inclusion, and rhythm.
Right hemisphere
44
From one side to another.
Contralateral
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Transmission on the same side.
Ipsilateral
46
2 types of transmission in the brain.
Contralateral Ipsilateral
47
Discovered left & right hemisphere; physiologist/neurocientist; studied aphasia.
Marc Dax
48
Discovered Broca's area; specialized in patients with stroke & aphasia.
Paul Broca
49
Part of the brain that is speech-centered.
Broca's area
50
Discovered Wernicke's area; German
Carl Wernicke
51
Part of the brain that is for language comprehension.
Wernicke's area
52
First to conduct research about brain specialization; split brain surgery operation.
Rogers Sperry
53
A condition where the body is acting like it's separate.
Alien hands syndrome
54
What's the research topic was Rogers Sperry able to won a noble prize?
Brain specialization
55
Loss of speech.
Aphasia
56
Patients who have undergone an operation severing the corpus callosum.
Split-brain patients
57
Disorders of skilled movements.
Apraxia
58
4 lobes of the brain.
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
59
Lobe toward the front of the brain; associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment.
Frontal lobe
60
Region toward the front of the frontal lobe; involved in complex motor control and tasks that require integration of information over time.
Prefrontal cortex
61
Contained in the frontal lobe; specializes in the planning, control, and execution of movement, particularly of movement involving any kind of delayed response.
Primary Motor Cortex
62
Depict the body parts of a person mapped on the brain.
Homunculi
63
Lobe at the upper back portion of the brain; associated with somatosensory processing.
Parietal lobe
64
Receives information from the senses about pressure, texture, temperature, and pain; located right behind the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex.
Primary somatosensory cortex
65
Lobe that is located below the parietal lobe, directly under your temples; associated with auditory processing and comprehending language.
Temporal lobe
66
Associated with visual processing; contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form.
Occipital lobe
67
Areas in the lobes in which sensory processing occurs.
Projection areas
68
Individual neural cells transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system.
Neurons
69
Basic parts of the neuron.
Soma Dendrites Axon Myelin Node of Ranvier Terminal buttons Synapse Neurotransmitters
70
Contains the nucleus of the cell; responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.
Soma
71
Branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.
Dendrites
72
Long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal.
Axon
73
White, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.
Myelin
74
Small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which increase conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals (action potentials).
Node of Ranvier
75
Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.
Terminal buttons
76
Serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons.
Synapse
77
Chemical messengers that transmit information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron.
Neurotransmitters
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Transmitter that is associated with memory functions.
Acetylcholine
79
Transmitter that is associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination.
Dopamine
80
Transmitter that plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation.
Serotonin
81
Areas where body tissue has been damaged.
Lesions
82
Thin electrode is inserted next to a single neuron; changes in electrical activity in the cell are then recorded.
Single-cell recording/method
83
Surgically removing or damaging part of the brain—to observe resulting functional deficits.
Lesioning
84
Recordings of the electrical frequencies and intensities of the living brain, typically recorded over relatively long periods.
Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
85
Record of a small change in the brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event.
Event-related potential (ERP)
86
Participants ingests a mildly radioactive form of oxygen that emits positrons as it is metabolized; changes in concentration of positrons in targeted areas of the brain are then measured.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
87
Creates a magnetic field that induces changes in the particles of oxygen atoms; differences in the amounts of oxygen consumed form the basis for fMRI measurements.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
88
Involves placing a coil on a person’s head and then allowing an electrical current to pass through it; researcher can then look at cognitive functioning when the particular area is disrupted.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
89
Involves measuring brain activity through detection of magnetic fields by placing a device over the head.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
90
Ultrasound measures the velocity of blood flow in the brain.
Functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD)
91
A sensor on the forehead measures blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and amount of oxygen in the blood.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
92
Occur when the flow of blood to the brain undergoes a sudden disruption.
Stroke
93
A brain disorder caused by a stroke.
Vascular disorder
94
Usually occurs when a buildup of fatty tissue occurs in blood vessels over a period of years, and a piece of this tissue breaks off and gets lodged in arteries of the brain.
Ischemic stroke
95
Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain suddenly breaks.
Hemorrhagic stroke
96
Type of tumors that start in the brain; most childhood brain tumors are of this type.
Primary brain tumors
97
Type of tumors that start as tumors somewhere else in the body.
Secondary brain tumors
98
Type of head injury where the skull remains intact, but there is damage to the brain, typically from the mechanical force of a blow to the head.
Closed-head injuries
99
Type of head injury where the skull does not remain intact but rather is penetrated, for example, by a bullet.
Open-head injuries

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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