Chapter 6: Memory Processes

Question 1

How you transform a physical, sensory input into a representation that can be stored in memory.

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

How you keep encoded information
in memory.

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

How you gain access to information stored in
memory.

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

Forms of encoding.

Answer 4

Short-term storage
Long-term storage
Mnemonics

Question 5

According to Conrad (1966), for short-term memory, what is more important than the visual code?

Answer 5

Acoustic code

Question 6

One based on word meaning.

Answer 6

Semantic code

Question 7

Baddeley (1966) argued that short term memory relies on what code rather than semantic code?

Answer 7

Acoustic code

Question 8

Types of information in long-term storage.

Answer 8

Semantic information
Visual information
Acoustic information

Question 9

2 key problems we encounter when transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Answer 9

Interference
Decay

Question 10

Competing information Interferes with our storing information.

Answer 10

Interference

Question 11

Forget facts when time passes.

Answer 11

Decay

Question 12

2 methods for transferring from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Answer 12

Consolidation
Rehearsal

Question 13

Process of integrating new information
into store information by making connections of new data into our existing schemas.

Answer 13

Consolidation

Question 14

Strategies that involve reflecting on our own
memory processes to improve our memory.

Answer 14

Metamemory

Question 15

Our ability to think about and control our own
processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking.

Answer 15

Metacognition

Question 16

It is a repeated recitation of an item.

Answer 16

Rehearsal

Question 17

Elaborates on the items to be remembered.

Answer 17

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 18

Simply repeats the items to be remembered.

Answer 18

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 19

Noticed that the distribution of study sessions over time affects the consolidation of information in long-term memory.

Answer 19

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 20

An effect of greater distribution of learning trials over time, the more the participants remembered over long periods.

Answer 20

The spacing effect

Question 21

Various sessions are spaced over time.

Answer 21

Distributed practice

Question 22

Sessions are crammed together in very short space of time.

Answer 22

Massed practice

Question 23

Specific techniques to help you organize and memorize information.

Answer 23

Mnemonic devices

Question 24

Studied the initial recall of a series of items and recall following brief training in each of several memory strategies.

Answer 24

Henry Roediger

Question 25

The fourth stage of long-term memory.

Answer 25

Retrieval

Question 26

Refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple operations.

Answer 26

Parallel processing

Question 27

Refers to operations being done one after another.

Answer 27

Serial processing

Question 28

Implies that the participant always checks the test digit against all digits in the positive set, even if a match were found partway through the list.

Answer 28

Exhaustive serial processing

Question 29

Processing implies that the participant would check the test digit against only those digits needed to make a response.

Answer 29

Self-terminating serial

Question 30

3 types of memory in long-term memory.

Answer 30

Semantic memory Episodic memory Procedural memory

Question 31

Is the presence of information stored in long-term memory.

Answer 31

Availability

Question 32

Is the degree to which we can gain access to the available information.

Answer 32

Accessibility

Question 33

Refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words.

Answer 33

Interference theory

Question 34

Occurs when newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material.

Answer 34

Retroactive interference

Question 35

New information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

Answer 35

Retroactive inhibition

Question 36

Occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.

Answer 36

Proactive interference

Question 37

Old information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

Answer 37

Proactive inhibition

Question 38

Represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position (order of presentation) in a list.

Answer 38

Serial position curve

Question 39

Are mental frameworks that represent knowledge in meaningful way.

Answer 39

Schemas

Question 40

Refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list.

Answer 40

Recency effect

Question 41

Refers to the tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end.

Answer 41

Primary effect

Question 42

The eyewitness testimony paradigm; repressed memories.

Answer 42

Memory distortion

Question 43

Involving the use of various strategies (eg. each searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the original memory traces of our experiences and then rebuilding the original experiences as a basis for retrieval.

Answer 43

Reconstructive

Question 44

Prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory.

Answer 44

Constructive

Question 45

Refers to the memory of an individual's history.

Answer 45

Autobiographical memory

Question 46

A memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserve on film.

Answer 46

Flashbulb memory

Question 47

Distortions tend to occur in seven specific ways which Schacter (2001) refers to as the?

Answer 47

Seven sins of memory

Question 48

Seven sins of memory.

Answer 48

Transcience Absent-mindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence

Question 49

Memory fades quickly; the state or fact of lasting only for a short time; general deterioration of a specific memory overtime.

Answer 49

Transcience

Question 50

Is where a person shows inattentive or forgetful behavior; so lost in thoughts that one does not realize what one is doing, what is happening; this form of memory breakdown involves problems at the point where attention and memory interface.

Answer 50

Absent-mindedness

Question 51

Tip of the tongue phenomenon; people sometimes have something that they know they should remember, but they can't; is when the brain tries to retrieve or encode information, but another memory interferes with it; a primary cause of the tip of the tongue phenomenon.

Answer 51

Blocking

Question 52

People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. Sometimes people think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear; it entails correct recollection of information with correct recollection of the source of that information.

Answer 52

Misattribution

Question 53

People are susceptible to suggestions, so if it is adjusted to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it.

Answer 53

Suggestibility

Question 54

This scene is similar to the scene of suggestibility in that one's currents feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events.

Answer 54

Bias

Question 55

The scene is similar to the scene of suggestibility in that one's currents feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events; this can pertain to specific incidences and the general conception one has over a certain period in one’s life; this occurs partly because memories encoded while the person was feeling a certain level of arousal and a certain type of emotion come to mind more quickly when a person is in a similar mood.

Answer 55

Bias

Question 56

People sometimes remember things as consequential that in a broad context, are inconsequential; this failure of the memory system involves the unwanted recall of information that is disturbing.

Answer 56

Persistence

Question 57

Maybe the most common source of wrongful convictions in the United states (Modafferi et. Al.,2009).

Answer 57

The Eyewitness Testimony Paradigm

Question 58

Refers to the fact that what is recorded depends largely on what is encoded.

Answer 58

Encoding specificity