Rapid Fire Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
Most common cause of neural tube defects
A
Folate deficiency
2
Q
Most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the US
A
etOH use in pregnancy
3
Q
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
A
Marfans - fibrillin defect
4
Q
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
A
Alport syndrome - type IV collagen defect
5
Q
“Worst headache of my life”
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
ruptured berry aneurysm:
- most common site anterior communicating a.
- Associated with APCKD (look in the kidney), Ehlers Danlos
6
Q
Lucid interval following head trauma
A
epidural hematoma
7
Q
Bloody CSF on LP
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
8
Q
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
A
rupture bridging veins
9
Q
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
A
rupture MMA
10
Q
Most common cause of dementia
A
Alzheimers
11
Q
Second most common cause of dementia
A
Vascular dementia
12
Q
Extracellular amyloid deposits in gray matter
A
Abeta- alzheimers
13
Q
Intracellular deposits of hyperphopshorylated tau protein
A
Neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimers
14
Q
Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein on silver stain
A
Pick bodies - frontotemporal dementia
15
Q
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
A
senile plaques - Alzheimers
16
Q
Drooling farmer
A
organophosphate poisoning - atropine is the antidote
17
Q
Continuous, machinery-like heart murmur
A
PDA
18
Q
“Boot shaped heart”
A
Right ventricular hypertrophy - Tetralogy of Fallot
19
Q
Rib notching
A
coarctation of aorta
20
Q
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
A
VSD
21
Q
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
A
Tetralogy of Fallot
22
Q
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
A
Aortic regurgitation
23
Q
Continuous, machine-like murmur
A
PDA
24
Q
Bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
A
Paget disease of bone
25
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
26
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis
27
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
rheumatoid arthritis
28
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
eburnation seen in osteoarthritis
29
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout
30
positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
pseudogout
31
negatively birefringement needle-shaped crystals
gout
32
Bamboo spine on xray
alkalizing spondylitis
33
HLA-B27
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies:
| "PAIR" psoriatic arthritis, alkylosing spondylitis, IBD spondylitis, reactive arthritis
34
"Pencil in cup" deformity on XR of the finger
psoriatic arthritis
35
Anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA Ab
SLE
36
Anti-histone Ab
drug-induced SLE
37
Anti-centromere Ab
CREST (limited) scleroderma
38
Anti-topoisomerase Ab
Diffuse scleroderma
39
Anti-Jo 1 Ab
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
40
Anti-Ro Ab
Sjogrens
41
Arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
Sjogrens
42
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
43
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
44
Positive anterior drawer sign of knee
ACL damage
45
Tenderness in anatomical snuffbox
scaffoid fracture
46
Stolen, hard, painful finger joints
OA
47
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
RA
48
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
eburnation seen in OA
49
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout
50
positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
calcium pyrophosphate crystal of pseudo gout - blue color
51
Negatively birefringent needle-snapped crystals
monosodium urate crystal of gout - yellow color
52
Bamboo spine on xray
alkalizing spondylitis
53
HLA-B27
```
seronegative spondyloarthropathies:
Psoriatic arthritis
Alkalizing spondylitis
IBD spondylitis
reactive arthritis
```
54
"Pencil in cup" deformity on X-ray of finger
psoriatic arthritis
55
Anti-smith and anti-dsDNA Abs
SLE
56
Anti-histone Ab
drug-induced SLE
57
Anti-centromere Ab
CREST - limited scleroderma
58
Anti-topoisomerase Ab
diffuse scleroderma
59
Anti-Jo1 Ab
polymyositis/dermatomyositis
60
Anti-Ro Ab
Sjogrens
61
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogrens
62
Keratin pearls on skin bx
squamous cell carcinoma
63
Most common malignant skin tumor
basal cell carcinoma
64
main artery of the pelvis
internal iliac a
65
main nerve of pelvis
pudendal n
66
"bag of worms" scrotum
varicocele
67
most common cancer in men
prostate cancer
68
most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
69
most common treatment of ED
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
70
hepatic adenoma
OCP use
71
"Grape like" vaginal tumor
sarcoma botryoides
72
Koilocytes
HPV
73
Most common benign tumor in women
Leiomyoma
74
"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
endometrioma - endometriosis w/ ovary involvement
75
"Powder burn" lesion
endometriosis implants
76
Most common cause of infertility in women
PCOS
77
Mid cycle pelvic pain assoc w/ ovulation
Mittelschmerz
78
Ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meigs syndrome - fibromas
79
Teratoma --> hyperthyroidism
struma ovarii
80
"snowstorm" appearance on US
hydatidiform mole
81
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
down syndrome
82
second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
fragile X syndrome
83
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turners syndrome
84
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly w/ prominent occiput and small jaw
Edward Syndrome - trisomy 18
85
Most common cancer in women in US
breast cancer -invasive ductal carcinoma
86
most common benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
87
most common malignant breast tumor
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
88
blue dome cyst in the breast
fibrocystic change
89
treatment for ER+ breast cancer
tamoxifen - risk of endometrial cancer
90
Red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple
Paget dz of breast
91
Treatment for absence seizures
ethosuximide
92
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Plantar (Babinski) reflex
93
Newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
Erb-duchenne palsy
94
Dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
95
Hematemesis with retching
Mallory-Weiss Tear
If severe - Boerhaave syndrome
96
Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
Hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
97
Large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
98
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet ring cell (gastric adenoma, Krukenberg ovarian met, LCIS/invasive lobular carcinoma of breast)
99
MC type of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
100
ovarian met from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
101
Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison Sn
102
Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing Ulcer
103
Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ severe burns
curling ulcer
104
Wt loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
105
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies
celiac disease
106
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid
107
Most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
108
Severe RLQ pain w/ rebound tenderness
McBurney's point
109
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
110
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
111
"Apple core" lesion on barium enema
colon cancer
112
Most common site of colonic diverticula
sigmoid colon
113
"string sign" on contrast XR
crohn's disease
114
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast XR
Ulcerative colitis
115
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler Najjar Syndrome Type I
116
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
117
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
118
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson dz
119
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson dz
120
Cirrhosis, diabetes, hyper pigmentation
hemachromatosis
121
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartagener Syndrome
122
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, persistent fever occurring several weeks after MI
Dressler Sn
123
Splinter hemorrhages under fingernails
infective endocarditis
124
Retinal hemorrhages w/ pale centers
Roth spots - infective endocarditis
125
Heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
Mitral valve
126
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user w/ infective endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
127
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies - rheumatic heart disease
128
MC primary cardiac tumor in adults
Left atrial myxoma
129
MC primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
130
MC cause of constrictive pericarditis
US: lupus
| developing countries - TB
131
c-ANCA
granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis
132
p-ANCA
Churg-Strauss (eosinophilic granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis)
| microscopic polyangiitis
133
Tx for thromboangiitis obliterans
smoking cessation
134
Tx for giant cell arteritis
High dose steroids
135
Branching, filamentous, gram + rods w/ sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
136
Standard treatment for T palladium
PCN G
137
Cellulitis from dog or cat bite
Pasturella multocida
138
a non-painful indurated ulcerated genital lesions
chancre of primary syphilis
139
moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
condylomata lata - secondary syphilis
140
large bull's eye rash
erythema migrans - lyme dz
141
Associated w/ Ghon focus or Ghon complex
primary TB
142
Associated w/ lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes of lung
reactivation TB
143
Standard initial treatment of TB
```
2 mo: "RIPE"
Rifampin
Isoniazid + Vit B6
Pyrazimamide
Ethambutol
```
4 mo: Isoniazid + Vit B 6, rifampin
144
"Strawberry" cervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
145
Clue cells
Gardnerella vaginalis
146
Bacteria w/ school of fish appearance
Haemophilus ducreyi
147
Dark purple lesions on skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi sarcoma HHV8
148
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV1
149
"Owl's eye" inclusion in organ tissue
CMV
150
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Type A cowry - HSV, VZV, CMV
151
Aplastic anemia in sickle cell patient
Parvovirus B19
152
Child with fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face that spreads to his body
Fifth dz - parvovirus B19
153
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
rubeola (measles)
154
Small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Koplick's spots (measles)
155
Dark purple nodules on skin in an HIV pt
Kaposi sarcoma
156
Large cells w/ owl's eye inclusions
CMV
157
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
158
MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts
PCP - pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
159
Drug used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
TMP-SMX
160
Treatment for oral candidiasis
nystatin, fluconazole
161
MC opportunistic infection in HIV patients
pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
162
Prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS pts
TMP-SMX at CD4 less than 200
163
Tx for systemic candidiasis
Fluconazole
| Amphotericin B, echinocandin
164
Treatment for sporothrix schenchii
Itraconazole
| Potassium iodide
165
Ring enhancing brain lesion in HIV pt
Toxoplasma gondii
166
Tx for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
167
MC protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
168
Elevated D dimer
PE, DVT
169
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow’s triad
170
Blue bloater
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia – Chronic bronchitis
171
Pink puffer
Dyspnea, hyperventilation – emphysema
172
Curshmann spirals
Shed epithelium from mucus glands - asthma
173
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
174
Antiglomerular BM Abs
Good pasture Sn
175
Honeycomb lung on CT
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
176
“Tennis Racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules in Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
177
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies – asbestosis
178
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Smal cell lung cancer
179
Tumor assoc w/ Horner Sn
Pancoast tumor
180
Lung cancer assoc w/ hypercalcemia
Squamous cell carcinoma of lung
181
Lung cancer associated w/ Cushing Sn
Small cell lung cancer
182
Lung cancer assoc w/ weakness
Small cell lung cancer
183
Substances associated w/ lung cancer
Smoke, radon, silica, asbestosis
184
A boy with self mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
185
Orotic acid in urine with elevated serum ammonia
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
186
Orotic acid in the urine w/ normal serum ammonia
Orotic aciduria
187
Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and B12
Orotic aciduria
188
Bluish-colored lines on gingivae
Burton’s lines (lead poisoning)
189
Treatment of choice for rickets and osteomalacia
Vit D
190
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on skin
Scurvy (Vit C deficiency)
191
MC vitamin deficiency in US
Folate deficiency – B9
192
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia – B12/folate B9
193
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
Wet Beriberi – vit B1 deficiency
194
MC class of medication for bulimia
SSRI- fluoxetine
195
MC medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
196
Medical tx for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
197
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
| Korsakoff Sn
198
Treatment for central DI
desmopressin - intranasal
199
Treatment for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
200
Tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride
201
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan Sn
202
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopia
Prolactinoma
203
MC causes of cushing syndrome
1. exogenous steroid use
2. ectopic ACTH secretion
3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma – Cushing Dz
4. Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
204
MC cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma
205
Medical tx for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone or eplerenone
206
Adrenal dz assoc w/ skin hyperpigmentation
Addison dz
207
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn Sn – primary hyperaldosteronism
208
MC tumor of adrenal gland
Benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma
209
MC tumor of adrenal medulla in adults
Pheochromocytoma
210
MC tumor of ardrenal mdulla in kids
Neuroblastoma
211
Medical tx for pheochromocytoma
Nonselective alpha blocker – phenoxybenzamine
212
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, hyperparathyroidism
MEN2A
213
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN2B
214
MC thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
215
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei
Orphan Annie Eyes nucleus – papillary thyroid carcinoma
216
Most likely electrolyte abnormality with perioral tingling, perioral paresthesias, recent thyroidectomy
Hypocalcemia
217
MC cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperthyroidism
218
MC cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
219
MC cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure
220
MC cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental parathyroidectomy
221
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on cheek
Chvostek sign
222
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN1
223
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
Heparin or LMW heparin
224
Preferred anticoagulant for long term anticoagulation
Warfarin
225
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin or LMW heparin
226
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency, thalassemia
Lead poisoning
Anemia of chronic dz
227
Skull xray shows “hair on end” appearance
Beta thalassemia
| Sickle cell dz
228
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
229
Cold temperatures -> painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
230
Red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
231
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies – asplenia
232
Autosplenectomy
Sickle cell disease
233
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
234
Antiplatelet antibodies
Immune thrombocytopenia
235
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
236
MC inherited bleeding disorder
Von Willebrande dz
237
Cancer MC associated w/ noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
238
Sheets of lymphoid cells, “starry sky” appearance
Burkitt lymphoma
239
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye” inclusions
Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma
240
Smudge cells
CLL
241
Reddish-pink rods in cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer Rods (AML)
