RAT 14

Question 1

define excretion

Answer 1

process by which waste products are removed from the body

Question 2

what is the basic function of the kidney?

Answer 2

filters the blood to remove metabolic wastes and modify the resulting fluid

Question 3

what is the basic function of the urinary tract?

Answer 3

transport, store, and eliminate urine

Question 4

describe the kidney shape and location

Answer 4

• shape: kidney bean
• location: against the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneal membrane

Question 5

what are the organs of the urinary tract?

Answer 5

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 6

describe the functions of the kidneys.

Answer 6

• removal of metabolic wastes
• maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
• maintenance of acid-base balance
• maintenance of blood pressure
• regulation of erythrocytes
• performing other metabolic functions

Question 7

what hormone is produced by the kidneys?

Answer 7

erythropoietin

Question 8

name the three connective layers that surround the kidney and label

Answer 8

• renal fascia (outer)
• adipose capsule
• renal capsule (inner)

Question 9

what enters and exits the kidney at the renal helium?

Answer 9

renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, ureter

Question 10

define renal sinus

Answer 10

made up of the calyces and the renal pelvis

Question 11

define renal pelvis

Answer 11

the inner region of the kidneys that receives urine drained from the major and minor calyces

Question 12

define renal cortex

Answer 12

the outer region of the kidneys that consists of blood vessels and most components of a kidneys nephrons

Question 13

define renal medulla

Answer 13

the middle region of the kidney that consists of renal pyramids and renal columns

Question 14

define renal column

Answer 14

extensions of the renal cortex; houses blood vessels that consists of parallel bundles of tubules

Question 15

define renal pyramid

Answer 15

the triangular component of the renal medulla that consists of parallel bundles of tubules

Question 16

define nephron

Answer 16

functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered and the resulting filtrate is modified

Question 17

define renal corpuscle

Answer 17

makes up a nephron; globe-shaped

Question 18

define renal tubule

Answer 18

makes up a nephron; long, snaking tube of epithelium

Question 19

define papilla

Answer 19

boarders on the first urine-draining structure

Question 20

define minor calyx

Answer 20

cup-shaped

Question 21

define major calyx

Answer 21

where urine from 3 or 4 minor calyces drain into

Question 22

what are the two main divisions of the nephron?

Answer 22

1. the renal corpuscle
2. the renal tubule

Question 23

describe the glomerulus. how is it different from other capillaries?

Answer 23

• a group of looping fenestrated capillaries
• difference: fenestrations

Question 24

what are the two layers of the glomerular capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 24

• parietal layer
• visceral layer

Question 25

what type of tissue is the parietal layer?

Answer 25

simple squamous epithelium

Question 26

what is the name of the cell that forms the visceral layer?

Answer 26

podocytes

Question 27

what is the name of the space between the two layers?

Answer 27

capsular space

Question 28

look at the image above and imagine fluid leaking out of the capillary. where would the fluid go?

Answer 28

arterioles

Question 29

what is the fluid in the arterioles called?

Answer 29

filtrate

Question 30

what is the first region of the renal tubule called?

Answer 30

proximal tube

Question 31

what is the function of the proximal tube?

Answer 31

reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and organic nutrients

Question 32

what is the next region called?

Answer 32

nephron loop

Question 33

what is the name for the two divisions of the nephron loop?

Answer 33

- descending limb - ascending limb

Question 34

what tissue type composes the thin region?

Answer 34

simple squamous epithelium

Question 35

what tissue type composes the thick region?

Answer 35

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 36

what is the third region called?

Answer 36

distal tubule

Question 37

which region has a brush border?

Answer 37

proximal tubule

Question 38

what two structures are coin into close proximity of each other?

Answer 38

- efferent arteriole - afferent arteriole

Question 39

where are the macula densa cells located?

Answer 39

at the transition point between the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tube

Question 40

where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?

Answer 40

afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 41

which direction is the fluid flowing in the collecting system?

Answer 41

down

Question 42

what is the fluid in the collecting system called at the beginning?

Answer 42

filtrate

Question 43

what is the fluid in the collecting system called at the end?

Answer 43

urine

Question 44

what are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 44

cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 45

where is the cortical nephron located?

Answer 45

outer renal cortex

Question 46

where is the juxtamedullary nephron located?

Answer 46

boundary between the renal cortex and the renal medulla

Question 47

when efferent arterioles exit cortical nephrons, what do they form?

Answer 47

peritubular capillaries

Question 48

when efferent arterioles exit juxtamedullary nephrons, what do they form?

Answer 48

vasa recta

Question 49

what are the three major processes in urine formation?

Answer 49

- glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion

Question 50

where does glomerular filtration take place?

Answer 50

glomerular capillaries

Question 51

what is the name for the fluid that exits the glomerulus?

Answer 51

filtrate (also known as tubular fluid)

Question 52

what is the direction of fluid movement during tubular reabsorption?

Answer 52

out of filtrate back into the blood

Question 53

what is the direction of fluid movement during tubular secretion?

Answer 53

from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate

Question 54

what are the two types of organs included in the digestive system?

Answer 54

- organs of the alimentary canal (pharynx, stomach, small and large intestine) - accessory organs (teeth, tongue, gallbladder, pancreas)

Question 55

what is the alimentary canal? list two other terms for this:

Answer 55

- a continuous passage through which food moves - gastrointestinal tract and digestive tract

Question 56

what is the primary function of the digestive system?

Answer 56

to take food into the body and break it down into its component nutrients

Question 57

what are some other important functions of the digestive system?

Answer 57

- fluid and electrolyte homeostasis - ingesting vitamins and minerals - producing hormones - excreting metabolic wastes

Question 58

list six basic processes of the digestive system

Answer 58

1. ingestion 2. secretion 3. propulsion 4. digestion 5. absorption 6. defecation

Question 59

what is peristalsis?

Answer 59

rhythmic contractions of layers of smooth muscle that move material through a hollow organ

Question 60

what is mechanical digestion?

Answer 60

digestive organs physically break food down into smaller pieces by chewing and mixing food by movements by the muscles of alimentary canal

Question 61

what is chemical digestion?

Answer 61

enzymes secreted by digestive organs catalyze reactions that break the chemical bonds within food particles until only small compounds remain

Question 62

what do the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity share?

Answer 62

a common set of serous membranes, blood vessels, and nerves

Question 63

what are the two layers of the peritoneum?

Answer 63

- parietal peritoneum - visceral peritoneum

Question 64

where is the parietal peritoneum located?

Answer 64

inner surface of the body wall

Question 65

where is the visceral peritoneum located?

Answer 65

outer tissue layer of organs

Question 66

describe the peritoneal cavity. what does it contain?

Answer 66

- the narrow space between the visceral and parietal peritoneal - serous fluid

Question 67

define intraperitoneal

Answer 67

organs located entirely within the peritoneal cavity

Question 68

define retroperitoneal

Answer 68

partly or completely outside the peritoneal cavity

Question 69

what membrane forms the mesenteries?

Answer 69

visceral peritoneum

Question 70

what is the function of mesenteries?

Answer 70

support and bind organs together and keep the small intestine in a particular shape

Question 71

what is the name of the mesentery that is attached to the large intestine?

Answer 71

mesocolon

Question 72

what is unique about the greater omentum?

Answer 72

it consists of four layers of folded visceral peritoneum

Question 73

where is the greater omentum located?

Answer 73

base of the stomach into the pelvis

Question 74

where is the lesser omentum located?

Answer 74

medial surface of the stomach to the liver