RAT 5 Flashcards
1
Q
the point of the heart, points toward the left hip
A
apex
2
Q
the superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from veins and pump blood into the ventricles
A
atria
3
Q
the inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump blood into arteries
A
ventricles
4
Q
an external indention found at the boundary between the atria and ventricles
A
atrioventricular sulcus
5
Q
depression located between the right and left ventricles
A
interventricular sulcus
6
Q
the main arteries that transport toward and away from the heart
A
great vessels
7
Q
which circuit operates at a higher blood pressure?
A
systemic circuit
8
Q
where does gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circuit?
A
between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries
9
Q
where does gas exchange occur in the systemic circuit?
A
between tissues and blood in the systemic capillaries
10
Q
what are some other functions of the heart?
A
- help maintain homeostasis of blood pressure
- produce atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
11
Q
what membranous structure surrounds the heart?
A
pericardium
12
Q
what are the two layers that compose the pericardium?
A
- fibrous layer
- serous layer
13
Q
describe the fibrous pericardium
A
- tough, outer layer that attaches the heart and surrounding structures
- composed of collagen bundles
14
Q
what are the two layers that compose the serous pericardium?
A
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium
15
Q
where is the parietal pericardium found?
A
fused to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
16
Q
where is the visceral pericardium found?
A
most superficial layer of the pericardium
17
Q
the pericardial cavity is located between which two layers
A
parietal and visceral pericardia
18
Q
what is the name of the most superficial layer of the heart (this layer as two names)?
A
- visceral pericardium
- epicardium
19
Q
what is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
A
myocardium
20
Q
what composes the myocardium?
A
cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton
21
Q
what is the deepest layer of the heart wall?
A
endocardium
22
Q
what tissue composes the endocardium?
A
endothelium
23
Q
what other structure is lined with endothelium?
A
blood vessels
24
Q
what are the great vessels?
A
largest vessels that bring blood to and away from the heart
25
name the 4 great vessel
- major systemic veins (superior and inferior vena cava)
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
26
which of the great vessels carry oxygenated blood?
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
27
which of the great vessels carry deoxygenated blood?
- major systemic veins
- pulmonary trunk
28
which cambers have thicker walls? why?
ventricles because it makes them much stronger pumps, which is needed to generate the pressure that pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
29
what are the upper chambers of the heart?
right and left atria
30
what is an auricle?
a muscular pouch that expands to give the atria more space in which to hold blood
31
what are pectinate muscles? where are they located?
muscular ridges on the interior surface of the anterior atria, particularly the right atrium
32
what separates the left and right atria?
interatrial septum
33
what is the name of the hole in this wall that is present in the fetal heart?
foramen ovale
34
what is the name of the indentation that marks where this hole was?
fossa ovalis
35
which ventricle has a thicker wall? why?
left because it has to pump against a greater resistance creating more muscle mass
36
what are trabeculae carneae?
a ridged surface created by irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle tissue
37
where are trabeculae carneae?
located in both ventricles
38
what are papillary muscles? where are they located?
projections of muscle from the right and left ventricular walls that attach to the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae
39
what are chordae tendineae?
fibrous cords that attach papillary muscles to cusps of the atrioventricular valves
40
chordae tendineae span between what two structures?
atria and ventricles
41
what is the fucntion of chordae tendineae?
ensure valves work properly
42
what separates the two ventricles?
interventricular septum
43
what is the function of a heart valve?
to prevent blood from being pushed back into the atria and to prevent it from flowing backward into the ventricles
44
what are the two types of heart valves?
- atrioventricular valves
- semilunar valves
45
where are atrioventricular valves located?
between the atria and the ventricles
46
where are the semilunar valves located?
between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
47
where is the bicupsid valve located?
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
48
where is the tricuspid valve located?
between the right atrium and right ventricle
49
is the tricuspid valve an AV or SL valve?
AV valve
50
where is the pulmonary valve located?
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
51
is the pulmonary valve an AV or SL valve?
SL valve
52
where is the aortic valve located?
between the L ventricle and the aorta
53
is the aortic valve an AV or SL valve?
SL valve
54
which valves have chordae tendineae attached?
the AV valves
55
what is the function of chordae tendineae?
to keep the valves closed
56
what are the two main branches of the left coronary arteries?
- anterior interventricular artery
- circumflex artery
57
what is the main branch of the right coronary artery?
marginal artery
58
where does the right coronary artery travel after that branch?
posterior interventricular artery
59
where is the coronary sinus located?
on the posterior side of the heart
60
what three veins drain into the coronary sinus?
- great cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
61
define collateral circulation
alternate routes of blood flow
62
how would collateral circulation be beneficial if there was a blockage of a coronary artery?
help to protect the muscle cells from damage that could result from blocked vessels
63
the collective term for the body's blood vessels
vasculature
64
describe capillaries
the vasculature's exchange system through which oxygen, nutrients, water, and waste are exchanged between the blood and the cells
65
describe arteries
the vasculature's distribution system
66
describe veins
the vasculature's collective system
67
define lumen
the space enclosed by a hallow organ
68
what is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
tunica intima
69
what composes the tunica intima?
composed of endothelium
70
describe the endothelium
consist of a sheet of simple squamous epithelium and it s basal lamina
71
what is the middle layer of a blood vessel wall?
tunica media
72
what component of the tunica media allows blood vessels to change size?
external elastic lamina
73
define vasoconstriction
narrowing the diameter of the vessel
74
define vasodilation
vessel diameter increasing
75
what is the outer layer of a blood vessel wall?
tunica externa
76
what composes the tunica externa?
dense irregular collagenous CT
77
what are the vaso vasora?
tiny vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the larger blood vessels, who are too far away to receive it otherwise
78
where are the vaso vasora found?
within the blood vessel walls
79
what are the largest-diameter arteries called?
elastic arteries
80
what is the reason for the name elastic arteries?
elastic arteries having a very extensive elastic lamina
81
what is an example of an elastic artery?
aorta
82
which arteries are generally intermediate in diameter?
muscular arteries
83
what is the reason for the name muscular arteries?
strong intermediate, well-developed
84
what is an example of a muscular artery?
most branches off the aorta
85
what are the smallest arteries called?
arterioles
86
define metarteriole
directly feed capillary beds in most tissues
87
define precapillary sphincter
confines metarterioles and encircles the merarteriole-capillary junction
88
what is another function of arteries?
- monitoring blood pressure
- detecting the concentration of certain chemicals in the blood
89
what are pressure receptors called?
baroreceptors
90
where are baroreceptors found?
- aorta
- common carotid artery
91
why are veins called blood reservoirs?
up to 70% of the total blood in the body is located in the veins at any given moment
92
describe how veins typically appear in a histological cross section. why?
collapsed because veins typically have much thinner walls, fewer elastic fibers, less smooth muscle, and larger lumens than arteries
93
what are the smallest veins called?
venules
94
why do veins contain valves, but arteries do not?
prevent blood from flowing backward in the venous circuit; blood flow is strongly opposed by gravity
95
define anastomoses
locations where vessels connect via pathways (collateral vessel)
96
what are the three types of anastomoses?
- venous anastomosis
- arterial anastomosis
- arteriovenous anastomosis
97
what is the most common type of anastomoses?
venous anastomosis
