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RAT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
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2
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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3
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids?

A

zona glomerulosa

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4
Q

what do mineralocorticoids regulate?

A

concentration of certain minerals in the body

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5
Q

what is the main mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone

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6
Q

what is the main role of glucocorticoids?

A

helps mediate the body’s response to stress

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7
Q

what do the glucocorticoids regulate?

A

blood glucose

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8
Q

what is the name of the main glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

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9
Q

what are the three primary targets of cortisol?

A
  • liver, muscle, adipose tissues
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10
Q

what effect does cortisol have in each organ?

A
  • gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • release of amino acid’s from muscle tissue
  • release of fatty acids from adipose tissue
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11
Q

how would each effect help with stress?

A

increases the availability of fuel molecules

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12
Q

what organ produces CRH?

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

what is the target for CRH?

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

what is the effect of CRH?

A

stimulates the release of ACTH

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15
Q

what organ produces ACTH?

A

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

what is the target for ACTH?

A

zona fasciculata

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17
Q

what is the effect of ACTH?

A

stimulates cortisol production

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18
Q

what organ produces cortisol?

A

adrenal glands (zona fasciculata)

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19
Q

are platelets cells? if not, what are they?

A

no, small fragments of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane

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20
Q

what is a megakaryocyte?

A

cell located in the bone marrow from which platelets are derived

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21
Q

explain how platelets form from megakaryocytes

A

small pieces break off into the cell creating new formed platelets

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22
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

the process by which blood loss is stepped from a damaged blood vessel

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23
Q

what are the five steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
  4. clot formation
  5. thrombolysis
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24
Q

describe the first step of hemostasis?

A

blood vessel diameter is decreases which leads to a local reduction in blood pressure and blood flow

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25
what is the second step of hemostasis?
platelets adhere to an injury site and form a platelet pluf
26
what is the second step of hemostasis?
platelets adhere to an injury site and form a platelet plug
27
what is the primary component of a platelet plug?
platelets
28
why do platelets adhere to an injury site?
collagen fibers and chemicals become exposed
29
factors released by platelets attract nearby ______________ and cause them to ___________________
- platelets - clump together
30
this causes platelets to clump together or ____________
aggregate
31
this aggregation forms the _______________ _________ that temporarily seals an injured vessel.
platelet plug
32
what is the third step of hemostasis?
coagulation - where fibrin converts the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass
33
what is the name of the protein that forms a blood clot?
fibrin
34
hat is the inactive form of fibrin called?
fibrinogen
35
what is the name of the process of the formation of a blood clot?
coagulation
36
what are clotting factors?
enzymes produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive forms
37
what are the two pathways of starting the coagulation cascade?
- intrinsic pathway (contact activation pathway) - extrinsic pathway (tissue factor pathway)
38
why is the intrinsic pathway named "intrinsic"?
all the factors required for it to proceed are located in the blood
39
hat is the first step in the intrinsic pathway?
exposed collagen fibers activate factor XII
40
what ion is needed for this coagulation cascade?
calcium ions
41
what is the last factor activated in the intrinsic pathway?
factor X
42
why is the extrinsic pathway named "extrinsic"?
initiated by a factor outside the blood
43
what ion is needed for this coagulation cascade?
calcium ions
44
what is the last factor activated in the extrinsic pathway?
factor X
45
what is the name of the pathway that continues the coagulation cascade after the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge?
common pathway
46
what is the function of prothrombin activator?
converts prothrombin into thrombin
47
what is the function of thrombin?
turns fibrinogen into fibrin
48
what is the 4th part of hemostasis? describe it.
clot retraction: brings the edges of the wounded vessel closer together (like sutures)
49
after healing takes place, what is the name of the process in which are unnecessary clot is dissolved?
thrombolysis
50
prostacyclin prevents platelets from sticking to intact blood vessel. what cells produce prostacyclin?
endothelial cells
51
where are endothelial cells produced?
blood vessels
52
what is an anticoagulant?
substances that inhibit coagulation
53
name two anticoagulants.
1. antithrombin-III 2. heparan sulfate
54
how does antithrombin-III prevent clots?
binds and inhibits the activity of both factor Xa and thrombin
55
name a disease caused by a clotting protein deficiency
hemophilia A or hemophilia B
56
what is the term for the condition that results in the formation of an inappropriate clot?
thrombosis
57
what is the name of the inappropriate clot?
thrombus
58
if a piece of the clot breaks off and travels in the blood stream it is known as a ______________________ or an embolus
thromboembolus
59
what is the most serious complication of a deep vein thrombosis?
pulmonary embolism
60
what are the surface markers found on most cells including RBC's?
antigens
61
what are the two groups of antigens we focus on that are found on RBC's?
- ABO blood group - Rh blood group
62
what are the two antigens in the ABO blood group?
antigen A and antigen B
63
what are the four ABO bloof types?
- type A - type B - type AB - type O
64
what antigen is in the Rh blood group?
Rh antigen
65
what are the two Rh blood types?
- Rh positive - Rh negative
66
what are the eight blood types when ABO and Rh are combined?
- AB+ - AB- - A+ - A- - B+ - B- - O+ - O-
67
what is agglutination?
the clumping together
68
when does agglutination take place?
when antibodies interact with bound antigens
69
what ultimately occurs when RBC's agglutinate?
erythrocyte hemolysis
70
antigens on your own cells are recognized as "______________________"
self-antigens
71
do you typically produce antibodies that bind to your own antigens? why or why not?
no because if you did, your antibodies would bind your own antigens
72
anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are pre-formed. what does that mean?
present in the plasma even if the individual has never been exposed to those antigens
73
what blood type has anti-a antibodies?
type B
74
what blood type has anti-b antibodies?
type A
75
when do anti-Rh antibodies form?
only if a person has been exposed to blood containing Rh antigens
76
which vessels supply most of the arterial blood to the head and neck?
right and left common carotid arteries
77
what are the two branches of each common carotid artery?
- external carotid artery - internal carotid artery
78
what structure does the external carotid artery supply with blood?
head and face
79
what structure does the internal carotid artery supply with blood?
the brain
80
where is the carotid sinus located?
- ascend through the neck by passing through the transverse foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra - branches of the right and left subclavian arteries
81
what do the vertebral arteries supply?
the brain

A&P 2 (21 decks)

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