RAT 19 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
what is mitosis?
A
the cell division undergone by all somatic, or body, cells that are capable of division
2
Q
which cells undergo mitosis?
A
somatic cells
3
Q
what is the product of mitosis?
A
daughter cells
4
Q
which cells under meiosis?
A
cells destine to become gametes
5
Q
what are the primary sex organs?
A
testes and ovaries
6
Q
what do the testes produce?
A
testosterone; sperm
7
Q
what do the ovaries produce?
A
estrogen; ova
8
Q
what are accessory reproductive organs?
A
additional organs and structures that contribute to the functioning of the reproductive system
9
Q
what is a zygote?
A
- formed when a sperm and ova fuse
- single-celled offspring that will eventually divide to produce all the cells in a new individual
10
Q
what is the product of meiosis?
A
daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
11
Q
how many chromosomes are in a human cell?
A
46 chromosomes (2 sets of 23 pairs)
12
Q
define diploid.
A
having two chromosomes sets
13
Q
what is a homologous pair?
A
share a similar structure (have the same genes)
14
Q
what is a sister chromatid?
A
cell with 2 identical copies of its chromosomes
15
Q
what is an allele?
A
different variants found on the matching genes of homologous chromosomes
16
Q
what is chromatin?
A
one very long piece of DNA with its associated proteins
17
Q
what are the male gonads?
A
testes
18
Q
where are the testes located?
A
scrotum
19
Q
how many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule?
A
1-4
20
Q
what are the functions of the testes?
A
- produce sperm cells
- secrete androgen hormones (testosterone)
21
Q
what are the two cells found in the seminiferous tubules?
A
- spermatogenic cells
- sustentacular cells
22
Q
what is the function of spermatogenic cells?
A
form sperm
23
Q
what is the function of sustentacular cells?
A
support production of sperm
24
Q
what cells are found between the seminiferous tubules?
A
interstitial cells
25
what do interstitial cells produce?
produce and secrete androgens (testosterone) into the surround interstitial fluid
26
what forms when seminiferous tubules merge?
straight tubule
27
where does sperm flow next?
rete testis
28
where does sperm flow after the rete testis?
efferent ductules
29
what artery serves the testicles?
testicular artery
30
what is the name of the veins that drain blood from the testicles?
pampiniform venous plexus
31
what ducts does the sperm pass through after leaving the testis?
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urthera
32
what is ejaculation?
process by which semen is expelled from the penis
33
what is the function of the epididymis?
- the site of sperm maturation and storage
- is filled with many ductules
34
what are the regions of the epididymis?
head, body, tail
35
about how long is the ductus epididymis?
- 6 meter (19.7 ft)
- tightly coiled so it takes up 3.8 cm (1.5 in)
36
how does that support the function of the epididymis?
allows ample time for sperm to mature and permits sperm to be stored for several months if ejaculation does not occur
37
trace the path of the ductus deferens
- inguinal canal (enters)
- over the ureter, posterior bladder
- ampulla (exits)
38
where does sperm travel next?
- ejaculatory duct
39
what structures mark the beginning of the ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicle
40
what structure marks the end of the ejaculatory duct?
urethra
41
through which gland does the ejaculatory duct travel?
prostate gland
42
where does the sperm travel to next?
urethra
43
what are the three regions of the urethra?
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy
44
what is the internal portion of the penis called?
root
45
what is the external portion of the penis called?
body (shaft)
46
what is the glans penis?
the end of the penis where the external urethral orifice is located
47
what is the anatomical term for the foreskin?
prepuce
48
what is the name of the procedure where the prepuce is removed?
circumcision
49
what are the three bodies of the erectile tissue in the penis called? what are they composed of?
- corpora cavernosa x2
- corpus spongiosum
- smooth muscle and connective tissue
50
what forms the bulb of the penis?
the ventral corpus spongiosum
51
what forms the crus?
corpora cavernosa
52
what causes the penis to enlarge during sexual excitement?
the vascular spaces fill with blood
53
what are the boarders of the perineum?
- pubic symphysis
- ischial tuberosities
- coccyx
54
what is semen?
a mixture of sperm and fluids from the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral and ureteral glands
55
the duct from the seminal vesicle merges with the _______________ to form the ______________. the seminal vesicle produces ______________ fluid
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- seminal
56
what color is the seminal fluid?
yellowish
57
name three components of seminal fluid
- fructose
- prostaglandins
- coagulating proteins and enzymes
58
describe the pH of seminal fluid
- alkaline (basic)
- help neutralize acidic fluid
59
how large is the prostate gland?
egg-sized
60
what typically happens to the prostate gland with age?
enlarges with age
61
why would an enlarged prostate gland cause a problem with urination?
- can expand to the point of pushing on the urethra
- condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia
62
what color is prostatic fluid?
milky appearance
63
what do the enzymes found in prostatic fluid do?
dissolve the clot of semen that initially forms in the female reproductive tract so the sperm can move deeper in the tract
64
describe the pH of prostatic fluid
alkaline
65
how large are the bulbourethral glands?
small marble ( about 1 cm in diameter)
66
when does the bulbourethral gland release its secretions?
in response to sexual stimulation
67
what is the function of the bulbourethral glands secretions?
helps neutralize any acidic urine prior to ejaculation and lubricates the urethra for the passage of ejaculate
68
what composes the majority of semen?
seminal fluid
69
how much does sperm contribute?
~ 5%
70
what is capacitation?
sperm undergoing changes that enable them to penetrate and fertilize an immature female gamete
71
what divides the scrotum into two compartments?
septum
72
what is the raphe?
ridge-like seem at the midline
73
what is the smooth muscle layer in the scrotum called?
dartos muscle
74
what structures are found in the spermatic cord?
layers of fascia, contains the ductus deferens
75
what is the name of the smooth muscle found here?
cremaster muscle
76
what is the inguinal canal and the inguinal ring?
passageway into the abdomen
77
what is the main component of all body fluids?
water
78
what is an electrolyte? list some examples of common electrolytes discussed.
- a substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
- sodium, potassium, calcium ions
79
what is an ion?
a charged particle that has lost or gained one or more electrons
80
what is electrolyte balance?
amount of electrolytes gained through the diet is equal to that lost from the body
81
why is fluid balance so important in determining electrolyte balance?
concentration depends on the number of ions but also on the amount of water in the body
82
what is an acid?
a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hygrogen ion
83
what is a base?
a chemical that accepts a hypdrogen ion in a solution
84
what is the most common base in the body?
bicarbonate
