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Which embryological structures give rise to the face and neck?
Pharyngeal arches
When do the pharyngeal arches develop?
Weeks 4 and 5
Which pharyngeal arch doesn’t really develop into anything?
5th pharyngeal arch
Which germ layer contributes to the muscles of the face and neck?
Mesoderm
Each pharyngeal arch has four components - what are they?
Mesoderm - develops into muscle
Neural crest - develops into skeleton
Cranial nerve
Artery
Pharyngeal clefts are found on the (inside / outside) and are lined by ___.
clefts
outside
ectoderm
Pharyngeal pouches are found on the (inside / outside) and are lined by ___.
pouches
inside
endoderm
Which cranial nerves are associated with pharyngeal pouches
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4-6
a) CN V
b) CN VII
c) CN IX
d) CN X
Keeping in mind where it’s found, what are the two parts of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Maxillary part
Mandibular part
What are the bones derived from the
a) maxillary
b) mandibular
parts of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
a) Maxilla, zygomatic bone, temporal bone
b) Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus)
Which muscles are derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Muscles of mastication
(supplied by V3)
Which cranial nerve is derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch?
CN V
Trigeminal nerve and all three divisions
Which bones are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Stapes
Styloid process of temporal bone
Upper parts of hyoid
Which muscles are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Muscles of facial expression
Which nerve is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
CN VII
Which nerve is derived from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
CN IX
Which pharyngeal cleft is the only one to remain after development?
What does it form?
1st pharyngeal cleft
External acoustic meatus
What do the 2nd, 3rd and 4th pharyngeal clefts form before disappearing?
Cervical sinus
The 1st pharyngeal pouch forms structures of the ___.
ear
The 2nd pharyngeal pouch forms which lymph structure?
Palatine tonsils
The 3rd pharyngeal pouch forms which two structures?
Inferior parathyroid glands
Thymus
The 4th pharyngeal pouch forms which structures?
Superior parathyroid gland
C cells of thyroid gland
What is a placode?
Thickened epithelium
From which thickened epithelial structures do the ears arise?
Otic placodes
Which germ layer are the otic placodes found in?
Ectoderm
What does the otic placode do to form the inner ear?
Invaginates
forming a pit and then a vesicle
What parts of the otic vesicle give rise to the
a) semicircular canals
b) cochlea?
a) Urticular portion
b) Saccular portion
The urticular part of the otic vesicle gives rise to what?
Semicircular canals
The saccular part of the otic vesicle gives rise to what?
Cochlea
Which sense are the semicircular canals important for?
Balance
What cranial nerve supplies the crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals?
Which sense is this structure important for?
CN VIII
(Vestibular part of vestibulocochlear nerve)
Balance
The Organ of Corti, found in the cochlea, is lined by hair cells and transmits sound vibrations to the brain as electrical impulses.
What are the important cavities found superior and inferior to the hair cells?
Scala vestibuli superiorly
Scala tympani inferiorly