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ENT Week 1 2017/18 > 4: ENT pathology > Flashcards

4: ENT pathology Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What lines the ear canal?

A

Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium)

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2
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

Produce earwax

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3
Q

Any pathology which affects the ___ can also affect the ear canal.

A

Skin

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4
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the middle ear?

A

Columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

Part of cochlea which contains hair cells

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nasal vestibule?

A

Keratinised squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nasal cavities and sinuses?

What is it exactly the same as?

A

Schneiderian epithelium

Respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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8
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the throat?

A

Respiratory epithelium

Squamous epithelium for vocal cords

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9
Q

What type of glands are the salivary glands?

A

Exocrine glands

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10
Q

What do the serous cells and mucus cells of the salivary glands secrete?

A

Serous - digestive enzymes e.g alpha amylase

Mucus - clear grey sticky mucus

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11
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

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12
Q

What usually causes otitis media?

A

Viruses

Occasionally bacteria, if chronic, suspect Pseudomonas

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13
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

NOT a TUMOUR and DOESN’T CONTAIN CHOLESTEROL

Production of keratinised squamous epithelium in middle ear producing nasty discharge

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14
Q

Cholesteatoma involves the metaplasia of ___ ___ epithelium into ___ ___ epithelium.

A

cuboidal glandular

squamous keratinised

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15
Q

What is a nerve tumour of the nerve which controls balance?

A

Vestibular schwannoma

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16
Q

Tumours at which angle are almost always benign vestibular schwannomas?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

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17
Q

What do schwannomas look like on histology?

A

Elongated nuclei

Verocay bodies - sandwiches of cells between darker palisades

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18
Q

What genetic disease predisposes you to bilateral schwannomas?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

(also cafe au lait spots, axillary freckles, Lisch nodules in the eye)

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19
Q

What sign is seen in the eyes in neurofibromatosis type 2?

A

Lisch nodules

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20
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of NF type 2?

A

Autosomal dominant

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21
Q

What are common benign masses found in the nose?

Which group are they NOT common in?

A

Nasal polyps

Children

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22
Q

If you encounter a child with nasal polyps, what should you consider?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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23
Q

Are nasal polyps painful?

24
Q

What type of vasculitis has a lot of midline symptoms (i.e ENT, renal)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

Now called granulomatosis with polyangiitis

25
Which antibodies are detected in a) microscopic polyangiitis b) granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)?
**a) pANCA** **b) cANCA**
26
What is one of the most common reasons for nasal ulceration?
**Cocaine**
27
What happens to blood vessels in granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
**Occluded by giant inflammatory cells**
28
What are some **benign** tumours of the nasal cavity?
**Squamous cell papillomas** **Schneiderian papillomas**
29
What are some **malignant** lesions of the nasal cavity?
**Squamous cell carcinoma**
30
What are malignant tumours of **glandular epithelium**?
**Adenocarcinoma**
31
What is a rare malignant tumour of the nasopharynx? What virus is strongly associated with it?
**Nasopharyngeal carcinoma** Epstein-Barr virus
32
Which virus is associated with blood cancers and epithelial malignancy?
**EBV** remember EBV causes glandular fever (which can result in lymphoma) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
33
Which part of the cell cycle does EBV trigger?
**Transition from G0 to G1, starts growth**
34
What are benign tumours of the vocal cords which form in response to smoking, trauma and inflammation?
**Laryngeal polyps**
35
What **ulcer** is an inflammatory response to trauma of the vocal cords?
**Contact ulcer**
36
What benign tumour forms in the larynx and is associated with a virus? Which specific strains of the virus?
**Squamous cell papilloma** **HPV** types _6_ and _11_
37
What do **papillomas** look like?
**Finger-like projections** "papillomatous"
38
What are **paraganglioma**?
**Tumours arising from neuroendocrine cells**
39
Which types of **paraganglioma** are found a) above the diaphragm b) below the diaphragm?
**Chromaffin negative - don't secrete catecholamines**, major blood vessels, head and neck **Chromaffin positive** - your phaechromocytoma type tumours which secrete catecholamines
40
What genetic disease are numerous **phaeochromocytomas** a feature of? What is its mode of inheritance?
**MEN2** ## Footnote **Autosomal dominant**
41
What is the most common malignant tumour of the head and neck?
**Squamous cell carcinoma**
42
What are the lifestyle factors commonly associated with squamous cell carcinoma?
**Smoking** **Alcohol**
43
Which type of HPV is associated with **squamous cell carcinoma**?
**Type 16** (remember 6 and 11 are the papilloma ones)
44
What pathways does type 16 HPV disrupt?
**p53** **Rb**
45
How is **squamous cell carcinoma** of the head and neck treated?
**Radiotherapy** **Chemotherapy**
46
What staging system is used for head and neck tumours?
**TNM staging**
47
Which salivary gland is the most common for tumours?
**Parotid glands**
48
Tumours in the **(parotid / smaller)** salivary glands are more likely to be malignant.
**smaller glands**
49
What is a massive red flag for malignant tumours of the salivary glands?
**Pain** means CN VII has been infiltrated
50
What is the most common tumour of salivary glands?
**Pleomorphic ADENOMA** | (remember glandular)
51
Where are pleomorphic adenomas usually found? How are they treated?
**Parotid glands** **Excised** due to risk of malignant transformation
52
**Pleomorphic adenoma** is more common in **(males / females)** of which age?
**Females** **Older** ( \> 60)
53
What is the second most common benign tumour of the parotid gland?
**Warthin's tumour**
54
What should make you suspicious of a **malignant** salivary gland tumour?
**Painful** **Lump in the neck**
55
**Warthin's tumour** of the parotids is more common in **(males / females)** of which age? What lifestyle choice are they associated with? Are they unilateral or bilateral?
**Men** **Smoking** **Bilateral**

ENT Week 1 2017/18 (10 decks)

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