Reforms 1855 - 70

Question 1

Why was the emancipation needed to boost the economy

Answer 1

• no capital accumulation or internal market demand, payment in kind.
• no freedom of movement, serfs tied to the land. No class mobility
• Mirs obliged to follow communal farming patterns, agricultural changes in Europe increased competitiveness.

Question 2

Limits of emancipation

Answer 2

Redemption payments 49 years
temporary obligation 2 years
“Better to reform from above than below”
internal passports
By 1870 only 50 percent producing a surplus

Question 3

Reasons why the emancipation was to prevent rebellion

Answer 3

Humilation of crimean war provoked military unrest
1840 - 44 < 30 outbreaks of disorder per year, more than doubled over next 15 years

Question 4

Alex ii initial judicial reforms

Answer 4

equality before the law, innocent until proven guilty
national trials recorded in the Russian Courier, criminal cases heard before barristers
new system modelled on the west courts opened to the public and proceedings freely reported

Question 5

Alex ii education initial reforms

Answer 5

responsibility for schooling transferred to the zemstva
open to all regardless of class or sex
universities govern themselves
modern schools established at secondary level
primary schools 8000 - 23000. 400,000 to over a million children

Question 6

alex II education repression

Answer 6

from 1871 only gimnazi schools progress to uni
subjects encouraging critical thinking forced out

Question 7

what reforms were made regarding the zemstva as a tentative step towards democracy

Answer 7

local government with the power to improve public services, extended to towns in 1870.
Political issues debated

Question 8

Alex ii relaxation of censorship

Answer 8

restrictions on publishers reduced. 1020 books in 1855 - 10,691 in 1894
foreign publications permitted with gov. approval

Question 9

law and control reversal of more liberal policies

Answer 9

shuvalov strengthened the police, encouraged the third section and stepped up persecution of minorities
pahlen - open “show trials”
1878 - political crimes go to secret courts

Question 10

alex ii initial military reforms

Answer 10

conscription reduced to 15 years from 25
punishments less severe, military colonies removed
better provisioning and medical care
modern weapons
new command structire
literacy improved, campaigns in 1870s - 1890s

problems of supply and leadership remain
struggled to win war against turkey 1877-78

Question 11

limits of alex ii judiciary reforms

Answer 11

trial by jury never established in poland
eccelesiastical and military courts excluded
peasantry still tried in volost courts
allowed intelligensia to criticise

Question 12

alexander iii education restrictions

Answer 12

overseen by delanyov
closed universities for women
gatherings of 6+ students prohibited
more liberal courses replaced with traditional curriculum
strict control over student activity and organisations
children from lowest classes restricted to primary education

Question 13

alexander iii police law control restrictions

Answer 13

number of police increased
new branches of criminal investigation set up
drive to recruit spies and counter spies
okrhana intercepted mail, checked factories, universities and the army
by 1882 any area of the empire could be deemed an area of subversion and police could search arrest or exile anyone committed a crime or even anyone they suspected

Question 14

alexander iii censorship restrictions

Answer 14

temporary regulations allowed newspapers to be closed down, life bans on editors and publishers
censors became more active, reading rooms restricted on books they were allowed to stock
russification enforced in theatre art and culture