Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STEP1 2014 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Normal arterial blood gas ranges

A

pH= 7.35-7.45
pCO2= 35-45
pO2>90
HCO3= 22-28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RTA1: distal, pH>5.5

A

Defective alpha-intercalated cells unable to secrete acid; new bicarb is not generated
this pump normally takes in protons and secretes potassium

metabolic acidosis
hypokalemia
high urine pH

increased risk for calcium phosphate kidney stones due to increased urine pH and increased bone turnover

Causes:
amphotericin B
analgesic nephropathy
multiple myeloma light chains
congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RTA2: distal, pH<5.5

A

Defect in proximal tubule, bicarb is not reabsorbed, resulting in increased excretion of bicarb in the urine with subsequent metabolic acidosis. Urine is acidified by alpha- intercalated cells in the collecting tubules.

hypokalemia
hypophosphatemia
low urine pH

hypophosphatemia- increased risk for hypophosphatemic rickets

Causes:
Fanconi syndrome (eg Wilson disease)
chemicals toxic to the proximal tubule (lead, aminoglycosides)
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RTA4, hyperkalemic pH<5.5

A

hypoaldosteronism, aldosterone resistance, or K+ sparing diuretics

  • hyperkalemia impairs ammoniagenesis in the proximal tubule
  • decreased buffering capacity and decreased proton excretion into the urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MUDPILES anion gap acidosis

A 
anion gap acidosis
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol
Iron tablets of INH
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid)
Salicylates (late)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HARDASS normal anion gap acidosis

A 
normal anion gap acidosis
hyperalimentation
addison disease
renal tubular acidosis
diarrhea
acetazolamide
spironolactone
saline infusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A 
psychogenic
hypoxemia (altitude)
salicylates cause hyperventilation early on
tumor
pulmonary embolism (acute hypoxemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation (pCO2> 40):

A

loop diuretics
vomiting
antacid use
hyperaldosteronism (hypokalemia, hypertension, metabolic alkalosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pCO2>40

A

respiratory alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A 
hypoventilation:
airway obstruction
acute lung disease
chronic lung disease
opioids, sedatives
weak respiratory muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Linear pattern of IgG deposition on immunofluorescence

A

Goodpasture anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lumpy bumpy deposits of IgG, IgM, C3 in the mesangium

A

PSGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deposits of IgA in the mesangium

A

IgA nephropathy (Berger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anti-GBM antibodies, hematuria, hemoptysis

A

Goodpasture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nephritis, deafness, cataracts

A

Alport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Crescent formation in the glomeruli

A

rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

17
Q

wire-loop appearance on light microscopy

A

lupus diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

18
Q

most common nephritic syndrome in children

A

minimal change disease

19
Q

most common nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

focal segmental glomerulonephrosis, most common in AA, hispanics, HIV infected. Also associated with SCD, heroine abuse, massive obesity, interferon treatment, chronid kidney disease

20
Q

Kimmelstiel- Wilson lesions (nodular glomerulosclerosis)

A

diabetic glomerulonephropathy

21
Q

electron microscopy: effacement of epithelial foot processes

A

minimal change glomerulonephropathy

22
Q

Nephrotic syndrome associated with hep B

A

membranous, membranoproliferative

23
Q

electron microscopy: subendothelial humps and train tracks

A

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

24
Q

light microscopy: segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis

A

focal segmental glomerulonephrosis

25
Q

purpura on back of arms and legs, abdominal pain, IgA nephropathy, intestinal hemorrhage, arthralgia

A

Henoch Scholein purpura

26
Q

Apple- green birefringence with Congo- red stain under polarized light

A

Amyloidosis

27
Q

Electron microscopy: spiking of the GBM due to electron- dense subepithelial deposits, “spike and dome”

A

membranous nephropathy

28
Q

most common in caucasian adults

A

membranous, which is idiopathic or associated with SLE, solid tumors, antibody to phospholipase A2 receptor

29
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

3 criteria for diagnosis include >3.5g/day protein in urine
hypoalbuminemia
edema

you may also see hyperlipidemia as the liver’s response to decreased oncotic pressure (for reasons unknown) is to generate lipoprotein particles. At the same time, TG metabolism is impaired.

increased risk of thrombosis, infection

30
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in the mesangia of glomeruli, eosinophilic and acellular, dramatically expanded mesangium, capillaries that have lost their prominence

A

Kimmelstiel- Wilson

31
Q

Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis

A

GPA and Goodpasture both have lung and kidney involvement. GPA has upper respiratory involvement (sinuses, soft palate)

STEP1 2014 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions