Renal

Question 1

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 1

Making noncarbs into carbs

Question 2

What 4 things do the kidneys regulate?

Answer 2

1. Water and electrolyte balance
2. Arterial pressure
3. Acid-base balance
4. Vit D production

Question 3

Important hormone that the kidney produces - responsible for making RBCs

Answer 3

Erythropoietin

Question 4

Kidneys function to excrete __________

Answer 4

Metabolic waste

Question 5

The kidney can control arterial _______

Answer 5

BP

Question 6

Aging = _______ blood flow to kidneys

Answer 6

Decrease

Question 7

Units that extract wastes from the blood and concentrate them in the urine

Answer 7

Nephrons

Question 8

What happens to the # of nephrons as you age?

Answer 8

Decrease

Question 9

Most common electrolyte imbalance

Answer 9

Mild hyponatremia

Question 10

Due to aging, when does urine production occur?

Answer 10

Night production

Question 11

4 common signs of UTI

Answer 11

1. Frequency
2. Urgency
3. Incontinence
4. Nocturia

Question 12

_____ is an abnormal number of times to urinate at night

Answer 12

3+

Question 13

Inflamed urethra causes

Answer 13

Bladder infection

Question 14

Among the most common bacterial infections

Answer 14

UTI

Question 15

Upper/lower tract UTI locations

Answer 15

Upper: kidneys and ureters
Lower: bladder and urethra

Question 16

2 ways to classify uti

Answer 16

Complicated/uncomplicated

Relapsed/recurrent

Question 17

Can account for 40% of UTIs in health care facilities

Answer 17

Urinary catheter placement

Question 18

3 clinical manifestations of UTI in older adults

Answer 18

1. Malaise
2. Anorexia
3. Confusion

Question 19

Term for inflammation of kidney tissue, calyces and renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection

Answer 19

Pyelonephritis

Question 20

20-30% of diabetics experience…

Answer 20

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 21

What level do you want hgb A1C at?

Answer 21

<6.5

Question 22

a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidneys’ glomeruli

Answer 22

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 23

Term for narrowing of renal artery

Answer 23

Renal artery stenosis

Question 24

Renal artery stenosis causes _____________

Answer 24

Decreased renal perfusion

Question 25

Most common adult renal neoplasm

Answer 25

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Question 26

New/abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body

Answer 26

Neoplasm

Question 27

Accounts for 90% of renal tumors

Answer 27

RCC

Question 28

Classic triad of symptoms for RCC

Answer 28

Flank pain, hematuria, palpable abdominal mass

Question 29

How is RCC discovered?

Answer 29

CT scan

Question 30

4 places RCC mets are often found

Answer 30

1. Lungs 2. Regional lymph nodes 3. Bones 4. Liver

Question 31

What is the single most common finding in RCC?

Answer 31

Hematuria

Question 32

Symptoms that occur at sites distant from a tumor or its metastasis

Answer 32

Paraneoplastic symptoms

Question 33

_____ are produced by RCC tumor

Answer 33

Hormones

Question 34

RCC is associated with _________ symptoms

Answer 34

Paraneoplastic

Question 35

Most common malignant kidney neoplasm in children

Answer 35

Wilms tumor

Question 36

Wilms tumor is also called...

Answer 36

Nephroblastoma

Question 37

When does wilms tumor most often occur?

Answer 37

Within first 6 years of life

Question 38

Most common ethnicity for Wilms tumor

Answer 38

African american girls

Question 39

__________ play a role in wilms tumor development

Answer 39

Molecular genetics

Question 40

When do symptoms start for wilms tumor?

Answer 40

Late - grows very large before symptoms start

Question 41

Most common sign of wilms tumor

Answer 41

Abdominal mass

Question 42

5year survival rate of wilms tumor is

Answer 42

90%

Question 43

Wilms tumor prognosis is _________ in adults

Answer 43

Poorer

Question 44

Clinical term for kidney stone

Answer 44

Renal caliculi

Question 45

Term for formation of urinary tract stones

Answer 45

Nephrolithiasis

Question 46

Where is your "flank"?

Answer 46

Muffin top

Question 47

Type of pain caused by kidney stones

Answer 47

Renal colic

Question 48

Where is renal colic felt?

Answer 48

Flank and upper outer abdominal quadrant pain

Question 49

Where do renal caliculi occur?

Answer 49

Ureteropelvic junction

Question 50

What causes renal caliculi to form?

Answer 50

When urine contains excess solids (Ca, oxalate, uric acid etc) and urine is unable to dilute/dissolve them

Question 51

Term for gradual kidney function loss

Answer 51

Chronic renal failure

Question 52

Name 4 stages of chronic renal failure

Answer 52

1. Diminished renal reserve 2. Renal insufficiency 3. Renal failure 4. End stage renal disease (ESRD)

Question 53

Important treatment of chronic renal failure

Answer 53

Restrict dietary protein

Question 54

Common cause of chronic renal failure

Answer 54

HTN

Question 55

ESRD patients HR range for exercise

Answer 55

40-70% THR or 20 beats above resting

Question 56

2 things to watch for in ESRD patients who you exercise

Answer 56

1. Hypotension | 2. Muscle cramping

Question 57

Can you give your ESRD pt water while exercising?

Answer 57

Nope

Question 58

two types of dialysis

Answer 58

peritoneal | hemodialysis

Question 59

uses the peritoneal cavity as a semipermeable membrane to exchange substances and water between dialysate fluid and blood vessels of abdominal cavity

Answer 59

peritoneal dialysis

Question 60

how often is peritoneal dialysis performed?

Answer 60

4x daily or overnight

Question 61

arterial blood is circulated thru semipermeable tubing that is surrounded by a dialysate solution in an artificial kidney

Answer 61

hemodialysis

Question 62

how often is hemodialysis performed?

Answer 62

3x per week for 4 hours

Question 63

can a patient on dialysis perform exercise?

Answer 63

yes, during first two hours

Question 64

always test BP in _____ arm for dialysis pts

Answer 64

opposite

Question 65

4 signs of bladder cancer

Answer 65

1. hematuria 2. voiding dysfunction 3. lymphedema 4. hepatomegaly

Question 66

enlargement of liver

Answer 66

hepatomegaly

Question 67

4 stages of bladder ca

Answer 67

1. limited to mucosal lining 2. invasion of smooth muscle wall 3. extends beyond bladder wall 4. tumor involving prostate with distant mets

Question 68

bladder dysfunction (flaccid or spastic) caused by neurologic damage

Answer 68

neurogenic bladder

Question 69

3 types of incontinence

Answer 69

1. stress 2. urge 3. overflow

Question 70

when are men likely to have incontinence issues?

Answer 70

after prostate issues

Question 71

a high BUN signals...

Answer 71

decrease in kidney function

Question 72

normal blood urea nitrogen

Answer 72

10-20 mg/dl

Question 73

can be the first sign that something is wrong with the kidneys

Answer 73

elevated BUN

Question 74

high uric acid concentration in blood can present as...

Answer 74

bad joint pain - gout

Question 75

high uric acid concentration in urine can cause...

Answer 75

stones

Question 76

5 renal diagnostic tests

Answer 76

1. renal arteriogram 2. abdominal - pelvic CT 3. kidney MRI 4. cystography 5. ultrasound

Question 77

inflammation of prostate gland

Answer 77

prostatitis

Question 78

BPH

Answer 78

benign prostate hypertrophy

Question 79

age-related nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland

Answer 79

BPH

Question 80

inflammation of testis often associated with bacteria and chlamydia

Answer 80

orchitis

Question 81

inflammation of the epididymis caused by bacteria

Answer 81

epididymitis

Question 82

abnormal twisting of spermatic cord

Answer 82

testicular torsion

Question 83

majority of tumors in testicular cancer are __________

Answer 83

germ cell tumors

Question 84

metastatic testicular cancer may present as _____

Answer 84

LBP