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Renal Midterm > Renal Embryology > Flashcards

Renal Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What portion of the embryo do the kidneys come from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm located

A

Immediately lateral to the somites

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3
Q

What portion of the kidneys develops first

A

Urinary system

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4
Q

Where does the urogenital ridge form

A

On each side of the dorsal aorta

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5
Q

Where does the nephrogenic cord form from

A

Urogenital ridge

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6
Q

What does the nephrogenic cord give rise to

A

Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

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7
Q

What portion of the nephrogenic cord forms the permanent kidneys

A

Metanephros

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8
Q

What is the general order of development of the kidneys

A

Urogenital ridge —> neprhogenic cord —> pronephros —> mesonephros —> metanephros

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9
Q

When does the pronephros form

A

Early in the 4th week in the cervical region

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10
Q

What does the cloaca handle

A

Gives off urinary and GI waste

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11
Q

What does the pronephric ducts dump into the

A

Cloaca

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12
Q

What does the cloaca form in mature adults

A

Bladder

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13
Q

When does the pronephros degenerate

A

24-25 days

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14
Q

What initiates the cascade leading to the formation of the kidney

A

Pronephros

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15
Q

When does the mesonephros appear

A

Late in the 4th week and below the pronephros

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16
Q

Do the mesonephric ducts or tubules develop first

A

Ducts

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17
Q

What induces the tubules to form from the intermediate mesoderm

A

Mesonephric ducts

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18
Q

Mesonephric tubules form the what in mature kidneys

A

Glomerular capsule

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19
Q

When do the mesonephric tubules function as interim kidneys

A

6-10 weeks

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20
Q

When do the mesonephric tubules stop functioning? When do they degenerate

A

10 weeks in females; forms efferent ductules in males

12 weeks

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21
Q

When do the metanephros arise

A

5 weeks

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22
Q

What does the caudal end of each mesonephric duct induce

A

Ureteric bud

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23
Q

What are the 2 parts of the metanephros

A

Ureteric bud and metanephric blastema

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24
Q

Where does the metanephric blastema grow from

A

Nephrogenic cord

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25
How does the metanephros form
Reciprocal induction which is essential to proper development
26
When does the functional and definitive kidney form
9-10th week
27
What does the ureteric bud form
Penetrates the blastema and forms the renal pelvis
28
What does the stalk of the ureteric bud become
Ureters
29
What do the first 4 generations of the collecting tubules form? Next 4?
Major calices; minor calices
30
What does the arched collecting tubule induce the metanephrogenic blastema to form
Metanephric vesicles
31
What do the metanephric vesicles form
Metanephric tubules
32
The upper metanephric tubules differentiate into
PCT, DCT, and loop of henle
33
Where do the permanent kidneys lie
In pelvis and move into the abdomen
34
What direction is the hilum previous to its mature location
Faces the ventral and rotates 90 degrees
35
When are the kidneys in their adult position
9th week
36
What supplies the early kidneys? Adult kldneys?
Common iliac A; renal A from abdominal aorta
37
What is a common cause suspected with unilateral renal agenensis
Infants with 1 umbilical A; more frequent in males
38
What is a cause of bilateral renal agenesis
Oligohydramnios and often concurrent with potter syndrome
39
What is potter syndrome
Associated with low amniotic fluid and causes face deformation and clubbed legs
40
What is incomplete division of kidney
Divided kidney and bifid ureter
41
What is a complete division
Double kidney and bifid ureter or separate urerters
42
What is horseshoe kidney
Fusion of inferior poles and its ascent to mature position by inferior mesenteric A
43
Why is horseshoe kidney dangerous
Lower back injuries can cause kidney damage
44
What are the issues with accessory renal vessels
Occurs in 25% of adult kidneys 2x common as accessory veins
45
What do obstructions in accessory renal vessels result in
Hydronephrosis
46
What are the parts of the urogenital sinus
Vesical part - forms most of the urinary bladder Pelvic part - forms neck of bladder, prostatic urethra (m), and urethra (f) Phallic part - forms spongy urethra (m) and lining of vaginal vestibule (f)
47
What layer does the bladder form from
Endoderm
48
What forms the trigone
Mesonephric duct
49
What does the bladder develop from
Vesical part of the urogenital sinus
50
What does the epithelium of the bladder form from
Endoderm (urogenital sinus)
51
Where does the submucosa and muscularis form from
Splanchnic mesoderm
52
What does the trigone form from
Intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)
53
Bladder is continuous with what
Allantois
54
What does the allantois constrict and form
Urachus —> medial umbilical ligament in adults
55
When does exstrophy of the bladder arise
4th week during body folding
56
What is exstrophy of the bladder
Defective closure of ventral abdominal wall Exposure of mucosa of the posterior wall of bladder
57
What is epispadias
Urethral opening is on the dorsum of the genital tubercle rather than on its ventral side
58
What does epispadias occur frequently with
Exstrophy of the bladder
59
What are the urachal anomalies
Urachal cysts - cysts can become infected and enlarged Urachal sinus - end of the urachus remains open into the bladder Urachal fistula - entire urachus remains patent and allows urine to come out of the umbilicus
60
What re the symptoms of urachal anomalies
Leakage from umbilicus or UTI
61
What is the origin of chromaffin cells
Neural crest cells
62
When does the suprarenal gland form
5th week
63
What is the origin of the suprarenal gland
Intermediate mesoderm
64
When does the fetal cortex regress
2nd month
65
What do cortical cells of suprarenal gland reorganize into
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis
66
What does the fetal cortex secrete
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) converted by placenta to estradiol This is essential for maintaining pregnancy and also secretes ACTH and glucocorticoids
67
What 2 things communicating are responsible for the development of the kidney
Metanephric blastema and metanephric tubules
68
What does the ureteric bud form in adults
Ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts
69
What does the metanephric blatema form in adults
Bowman’s capsule, PCT, DCT, LoH
70
What causes duplications in the kidney
Abnormal division of ureteric bud
71
What is defective in polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive mutation of PKHD1
72
What do you find physically in polycystic kidney disease
Cysts present in both kidneys and renal insufficiency Often found with pulmonary hypoplasia (oligohydramnios)
73
In multicystic kidney disease what are the cysts likely to have formed from
Dilations of LoH
74
What is the big difference between polycystic kidney disease and multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
PKD = both kidneys affected MDKD = one kidney affected
75
What does the bladder mainly develop from
Vesical part of urogenital sinus
76
What does the bladder epithelium come from
Endoderm (urogenital sinus)
77
What does the bladder submucosa and muscularis form from
Splanchnic mesoderm
78
What does the trigone form from
Intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)
79
What does the zona glomerulosa produce
Mineralocorticoids
80
What does the zona fasiculata produce
Glucocorticoids
81
What does the zona reticularis produce
Sex hormones
82
What does the fetal cortex secrete and what does the placenta convert it to
DHEA; estradiol

Renal Midterm (8 decks)

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