Renal System Flashcards
(290 cards)
1
Q
As early as the ___ week, the kidneys begin to form. the nephrons start functioning at around ___ weeks.
A
third, eight
2
Q
Kidney migration from the pelvis to their final location is not complete until ___ years old.
A
six
3
Q
A normal adult kidney measures…
A
9-12 cm.
4
Q
The parechymal volume of the ___ kidney is smaller than the ___.
A
right, left
5
Q
The left kidney usually lies __ cm higher than the right.
A
1-2 cm
6
Q
The vessels enter the renal pelvis in this order, anterior to posterior…
A
vein, artery, ureter
7
Q
The adrenal gland is ___ to the right kidney.
A
superiormedial
8
Q
The liver is ___ to the right kidney.
A
superiolateral
9
Q
The right colic flexure is ___ to the right kidney.
A
inferior
10
Q
The 2nd portion of the duodenum is ___ to the right kidney.
A
medial
11
Q
The adrenal gland is ___ to the left kidney.
A
superior
12
Q
The spleen is ___ to the left kidney.
A
superior
13
Q
The pancreatic tail is ___ to the superior pole of the left kidney.
A
anterior
14
Q
The left colic flexure is ___ to the left kidney.
A
inferior
15
Q
The diaphragm is ___ to the kidneys.
A
posterior
16
Q
The psoas and quadratus lumborum muscle are ___ to the kidneys.
A
posterior
17
Q
The cortex is the ___echoic part of the renal parenchyma.
A
iso or hypo
18
Q
The medullary pyramids are the ___echoic part of the renal parenchyma.
A
an
19
Q
The renal sinus is the ___echoic part of the renal parenchyma.
A
hyper
20
Q
This is the outer part of the renal parenchyma, from the sinus to the capsule.
A
renal cortex
21
Q
This is the inner part of the renal parenchyma, from the base of the pyramids to the center of the kidney.
A
renal medulla
22
Q
This is the cavity within the kidney that houses the renal pyramid.
A
renal sinus
23
Q
These pass into the renal sinus through the hilum.
A
nerves and blood vessels
24
Q
These appear as anechoic equally spaced triangles between the cortex and renal sinus.
A
medullary pyramids
25
This is a funnel shaped transition from the major calyces to the ureter.
renal pelvis or collecting system
26
This is the medial opening of the kidney, the entry/exit of the artery, vein, and ureter.
renal hilum
27
This is the slit-like opening in the middle of the concave medial border of the kidney.
renal hilum
28
These are the recesses in the internal medulla of the kidney which enclose the pyramids.
the renal calyces
29
This is the portion of the urinary collecting system within the kidney that unite to form the renal pelvis.
major calyx
30
This is the portion of the urinary collecting system that collects urine from the medullary pyramids.
minor calyces
31
This is the apex of the medullary pyramids.
renal papilla
32
This is the fibrous sheath enclosing the kidney and the adrenal glands.
gerota's fascia
33
This is the functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
34
This consists of the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubules, descending and ascending limbs of henle's loop, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting tubules.
nephron
35
There are about ___ nephrons is the cortex of each kidney.
one million
36
This consists of the glomerulus and glomerular capsule or Bowman's capsule.
renal corpuscle
37
At the renal hilum, the main renal artery divides into how many of what kind of artery?
five, segmental
38
At the level of the medullary pyramids, the segmental arteries divide into the ___ arteries, which run between the pyramids.
interlobar
39
At the base of the medullary pyramids, the ___ arteries branch in a manner that is parallel to the renal capsule.
arcuate
40
Branching off the arcuate arteries and running perpendicular to the renal capsule are the smallest renal arteries, called...
interlobular arteries.
41
T/F? Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract are more common than any other organ system.
true
42
Impaired renal function, infection, and calculus formation are complications associated with...
congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract.
43
Variations of the normal genitourinary tract are...
-junctional defects -hypertrophied column of bertin -dromedary hump -ectopic kidney -horseshoe kidney -fused pelvic kidney -crossed fused renal ectopia -duplex kidney -renal agenesis -extrarenal pelvis
44
This is a partial fusion of two parenchymal renal masses during normal development.
junctional parenchymal defect or fetal lobulation
45
Sonographically, these appear as a triangular hyperechoic area anterior and superior on the right kidney.
junctional parenchymal defect or fetal lobulation
46
This is a normal variant located between 2 medullary pyramids that gives the appearance of a mass effect.
hypertrophied column of bertin
47
Sonographically, this normal variant has an echogenicity equal to the peripheral cortical tissue and may be confused with a double collecting system.
hypertrophied column of bertin
48
This is a normal variant of cortical thickening on the lateral aspect of the left kidney.
dromedary hump
49
This condition results from a failure of the kidneys to 'ascend' into the abdomen; there is an increased incidence of UPJ, ureteral reflux and multicystic renal dysplasia.
ectopic kidney or pelvic kidney
50
This is the most common renal fusion anomaly in which the lower poles typically connect across the midline anterior to the aorta.
horseshoe kidney
51
In this common renal fusion anomaly, the large u-shaped kidney lies in the hypogastrium because it is prevented from ascending by the IMA.
horseshoe kidney aka 'cake' or 'lump' kidney
52
Sonographically, the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney is frequently mistaken for \_\_\_. The ureters are typically located ___ to the isthmus.
lymphandenopathy, anterior
53
In this common renal variant, the upper and lower poles of pelvic kidneys fuse.
fused pelvic kidney aka 'discoid' or 'pancake' kidney
54
Sonographically, this common renal variant appears as a round irregular lobulated mass in the pelvis.
fused pelvic kidney
55
This is the 2nd most common renal fusion variant.
crossed fused ectopic kidney
56
In the common renal variant, the developing kidneys fuse within the pelvis and one kidney ascends to its normal position, carrying the other one with it across the midline.
crossed fused ectopic kidney
57
Sonographically, two kidneys are visualized on one side of the abdomen with the absence of a contralateral kidney. Ureters connect on both sides of the bladder thus one ureter crosses the midline.
crossed fused ectopic kidney
58
This is a common renal variant in which there's a duplication of the collecting systems, occuring in approximately 15% of the population. May be complete (two ureters) or incomplete (one ureters).
duplex kidney
59
Sonographically, these kidneys look longer than normal and have a complete central cortical break within the hyperechoic sinus.
duplex kidney
60
With complete double ureters, the ureter draining the ___ pole typically inserts in an ectopic location in the bladder.
superior
61
A frequent complication of ectopic ureter is a...
ureterocele.
62
This is a prolapse of the distal ureter into the bladder, resulting in a hydroureter and hydronephrosis of the upper collecting system of the kidney.
ureterocele
63
In this common renal variant, the collecting system lies outside the renal sinus.
extrarenal pelvis
64
Sonographically, this appears as acystic collection medial the renal hilum.
extrarenal pelvis
65
This renal condition is associated with oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia and is incompatible with life.
bilateral renal agenesis
66
This renal condition is associated with uterine duplication (bicornuate uterus) and sminal vesicle agenesis.
unilateral renal agenesis
67
This is a rare renal anomaly in which a third kidney, smaller than the other two, is present.
supranumerary kidney
68
This renal condition is a common cause of urinary obstruction in the male neonate patient.
posterior urethral valve
69
This renal condition involves an abnormal congenital membrane located within the posterior male urethra that obstructs it.
posterior urethral valve
70
Sonographically, this appears as a VERY large bladder, hydroureter, hydronephrosis\*, and dilated posterior urethra ('keyhole' appearance).
posterior urethral valve
71
Posterior urethral valves account for about ___ of all boys with end-stage renal failure.
25%
72
What are the two categories of renal cysts?
acquired and congenital
73
T/F? Simple and non-simple cysts belong to the congenital category.
false, the acquired category
74
T/F? Cysts that are inflammatory, hemorragic, or septated are considered simple cysts.
false, non-simple
75
T/F? Simple cysts are rare.
false, common
76
Simple renal cysts are seen more commonly over what age?
50 yo
77
What part of the kidney are simple cysts usually located in?
cortex
78
Sonographically, this appears as an echogenic material layering the the dependent portion of a renal cyst, associated with reverberation echoes without shadowing.
pyelogenic cyst or calyceal diverticulum
79
In this renal condition, a simple renal cyst happens to connect the renal pelvis and becomes infected, causing recurring UTIs and a predisposition for stone formationand hematuria. Loin pain in a common initial symptom.
pyelogneic cyst or calyceal diverticulum
80
What is a renal sinus cyst that does not connect with the collecting system called?
parapelvic cyst
81
When scanning a parapelvic cyst, you should use Doppler to rule out what pathology with a similar appearance?
renal artery aneurysm
82
Is a parapelvic cyst simple or non-simple?
simple
83
T/F? A parapelvic cyst with always have smooth borders.
false, can have irregular borders with a hydro-cauliflower appearance
84
When echoes are seen within a renal cyst, the echoes should be seen in two view to rule out what?
artifact
85
What are the four criteria for a cyst?
-acoustic enhancement -absence of internal echoes -sharply defined thin walls -round or oval shape
86
If the renal cyst has a thick septation, irregular walls, and solid components within,...
it's an atypical cyst and suggests a malgnant lesion.
87
If the renal cyst has a thing septation, minimal wall calcification, no internal echoes (or just artifact),...
it's a typical benign cyst.
88
Patients with ___ have increased risk of non-simple cysts and calcifications of these cysts.
polycystic disease
89
T/F? It is possible for a non-simple cyst to be malignant.
true
90
A kissing cyst is simple or non-simple?
non-simple
91
This adult condition is a bilateral renal enlargement caused by numerous cysts of varying sizes.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD)
92
In advanced APKD, destruction of renal tissue leads to...
renal failure and hypertension.
93
The renal disease is associated with arterial aneurysms, especially the 'berry' aneursyms.
APKD
94
This is the most common genetically determined childhood cystic disease of the kidney.
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
95
Sonographically, this appears in the fetus as bilaterally enlarged kidneys, hyperechoic kidney parenchyma with anechoic areas within them, oligohydramnios, distended bladder, and loss of cortical medullary distinction.
ARPKD
96
This is the most common cause of an abdominal mass in the newborn.
multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCKD)
97
This renal condition can be bi- or unilateral and is usually the result of atresia of the UPJ during fetal development.
MCKD
98
This renal condition involves the development of cortical and medullary cysts in patients with end stage kidney disease and on dialysis from noncystic causes.
acquired cystic disease
99
Acquired cysts can sometimes hemorrhage resulting in...
pain and hematuria.
100
\_\_\_ cysts can sometimes hemorrhage resulting in pain and hematuris.
acquired
101
Patients with acquired cystic disease have a ___ times greated risk of developing renal cell carcinoma.
100
102
This is a congenital dysplastic cystic dialation of the medullary pyramids due to tubular ectasia or dysplasia.
medullary sponge kidney
103
In this renal condition, calcium deposits form in the medullary pyramids making them hyperechoic on u/s.
medullary sponge kidney
104
Sonographically, this appears as equally spaced calcified renal pyramids.
medullary sponge kidney
105
What are the two main complications of medullary sponge kidney?
stones and infections
106
Medullary sponge kidney is seen mainly in what age group?
children to young adults
107
Patients with medullary sponge kidneys often have what other pathology?
medullary nephrocalcinosis
108
This is an inherited disorder of elastic connective tissue.
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
109
What pathology is associated with parathyroid adenoma, Caroli's disease and Ehler-Danlos syndrome?
medullary sponge kidney
110
Is medullary sponge acquired or inherited?
acquired
111
What causes the cysts in ARPKD?
abnormal proliferation and dilation of renal tubules
112
ARPKD is associated with what other pathology?
hepatic fibrosis
113
In ADPKD, what other organs may contain cysts?
liver, pancreas, and spleen
114
This is an inherited disease which usually presents in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life with serious visual impairment.
Von Hippel-Landau disease
115
This syndrome can often have related tumors like renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, and islet cell tumors.
Von Hippel-Landau disease
116
Von Hippel-Landau disease can often have related tumors like...
renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, and islet cell tumors.
117
T/F? Pheochromocytomas are usually benign.
true
118
T/F? Islet cell tumors are usually malignant.
false, they can be either benign or malignant.
119
What makes Von Hippel-Landau disease different from ADPKD?
bilateral cysts AND masses; increased chance of carcinoma
120
Cysts is ACKD can appear in what two areas of the kidney?
cortex and medulla
121
T/F? It is common for cysts to hemorrhage in ACKD.
true
122
This is a benign fatty renal tumor, 80% of which occur in the right kidney.
angiomyolipoma aka renal hamartoma
123
Sonographically, this appears as a hyperechoic renal mass with an echogenicity equal to or greater than the renal sinus and propagation speed artifacts.
angiomyolipoma
124
These may result in the posterior displacement of structures due to the slower acoustic velocity.
propagation speed artifacts
125
This multi-system genetic disease causes benign tumors to grow on organs such as the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. It commonly affects the CNS.
tuberous sclerosis
126
What is the main focus of an abd eval in a patient with tuberous sclerosis?
kidneys
127
What might you be dealing with if you see several angiomyolipomas on a kidney?
tuberous sclerosis
128
Sonographically, what makes tuberous sclerosis different from ADPKD?
mutiple renal cysts AND angiomyolipomas
129
Tuberous sclerosis is closely associated with what three conditions?
-mental retardation -seizures -cutaneous lesions
130
This inherited cystic disease rapidly progresses with uremia and death.
autodomal dominant medullary cystic disease
131
Autosomal dominant medullary cystic disease has an onset in what general age group?
adult
132
Autosomal recessive medullary cystic disease has an onset in what general age group?
juvenile
133
What disease is marked by salt loss, anemia, puolyuria, and azotemia?
medullary cystic disease
134
What is azotemia?
uremia toxic ubstance not removed by kidney
135
What do endstage medullary cystic diseased kidneys look like?
small and echogenic
136
What is the most common renal cystic disease?
MCKD
137
Is multicystic dysplastic kidney acquired, inherited, or developmental?
developmental
138
Sonographically, the largest cyst in a patient with MDKD is located where?
periphery
139
Sonographically, what presents as large kidneys with multiple cysts of different sizes in children and infants?
MCKD
140
What is the only way that a baby can survive with a multcystic dysplastic kidney?
The baby must have one functioning kidney.
141
What happens to a MDKD in an adult?
The diseased kidney becomes small and calcified.
142
What is the appearance of the ureter of a multicystic dysplastic kidney?
It does not have a ureter.
143
This is the most common solid renal mass in the adult.
renal cell carcinoma or RCC
144
T/F? RCC is unilateral and a nephrectomy is recommended.
true
145
T/F? RCC extension into the renal veins and IVC are uncommon.
False, common. Always check all the way to the right atrium.
146
Sonographically, this appears as a hypoechoic in comparison to the adjacent renal tissue.
RCC
147
Clinically, this presents with hematuria, flank pain, and a palable mass.
RCC
148
Increase incidence of RCC is associated with...
-acquired cystic disease -Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome -tuberous sclerosis -ADPK
149
Acquired cystic disease, Von Hippel-Linday syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and ADPK increase the incidence of...
RCC.
150
Cancers of the ___ are likely to spread to the kidney.
lung, breast, and colon; leukemia and lymphoma also spread renally.
151
Sonographically, this appears as a hypoechoic mass with a diffusely enarged inhomogeneous kidney.
renal metastases
152
The most common childhood renal tumor is...
Wilm's tumor or nephroblastoma.
153
For Wilm's tumor the average age of diagnosis is ___ and the survival rate is \_\_\_.
3.5 years, 90%
154
Clinically, this presents as a large asymptomatic flank mass, HTN, fever, hematuria and anemia.
Wilm's tumor
155
T/F? A Wilm's tumor can't extend into the renal vein and IVC.
false
156
If the renal contour is normal bilaterally, the abdominal mass is most likely...
an adrenal neuroblastoma.
157
This is a renal inflammation due to infection.
acute pyelonephritis
158
Most kidney infections occur via an ___ route and are usually caused by ___ from the intestinal tract.
ascending, gram negative bacilli
159
Sonographically, this appears as bilateral renal enlargement, hypoechoic parenchyma, and absence of sinus echoes.
acute pyelonephritis
160
This is a renal mass due to infection.
focal acute pyelonephritis or lobar nephronia
161
Sonographically, this appears as a focal wedge-shaped area or hypoechoic renal lobe.
focal acute pyelonephritis
162
RCC and focal acute pyelonephritis are differentiated by...
lab tests.
163
This renal bacterial infection is associated with renal ischemia. Nephrectomy is usually required.
emphysematous pylonephritis
164
This renal condition is common in diabetics, immunosuppressed patients and patients with urinary tract obstructions.
emphysematous pylonephritis
165
Sonographically, in this renal condition, the anaerobic bacteria produces intrarenal gas which causes reverberation or comet tail artifacts.
emphysematous pylonephritis
166
This is a bilateral injury to the kidney due to recurrent renal infections.
chronic pyelonephritis
167
Chronic pyelonephritis leads to \_\_\_, which will appear as a small hyperechoic kidney.
end stage renal disease
168
This chronic pyelonephritis results from chronic infections due to a long term obstruction.
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis or XGPN
169
Failure to depict a normal kidney and associated with a staghorn calculus suggests the diagnosis of \_\_\_.
XGPN
170
In this renal condition, purulent material in the collecting system is associated with an infection secondary to renal obstruction.
pyonephrosis
171
Sonographically, this appears as hyperechoic debris in a dilated renal collecting system. (like hydronephrosis but with debris)
pyonephrosis
172
This is the most common renal fungal disease.
candidiasis
173
Fungal infections usually ascend from the...
bladder.
174
Sonographically these appear as hyperechoic nonshadowing masses in the renal system.
mycetoma aka fungal ball
175
What are the three main mechanisms of acute renal failure?
-prerenal -intrinsic -postrenal
176
Name an example of prerenal ARF.
decreased perfusion - heart failure followed by kidney failure and creatinine increase
177
Name an example of intrinsic ARF.
acute tubular necrosis is the most common
178
Name an example of postrenal ARF.
bilateral renal obstruction
179
What is the role of u/s in ARF?
to determine hydronephrosis (suggesting postrenal failure) and abnormal resistive index (suggesting intrinsic renal failure)
180
What lab studies are used for determining ARF?
-creatinine\*\* -BUN -urinalysis -urine output (24 hour urine)
181
The most accurate method of determining ARF is...
creatinine changes that reflect a change in the flomerular filtration rate.
182
This sudden cause of prerenal failure presents as acute flank pain, hematuria, and sudden rise in blood pressure.
renal artery thrombosis
183
Sonographically, this appears as a focal hypoechoic areas of infarct, absence of intrarenal arterial flow and unilateral renal enlargement.
renal artery thrombosis
184
This renal condition is associated with extrinsic compression\*, renal transplants\*, renal tumors, and trauma.
renal vein thrombosis
185
Sonographically, this appears as a unilateral enlarged hypoechoic kidney\*, dilated thrombosed renal vein\*, absent intrrenal venous flow, and high resistance renal artery waveform.
renal vein thrombosis
186
How does renal vein thrombosis appear on arterial doppler?
It goes from 'low resistance' to 'high resistance' and loses its diastolic component.
187
This is the most common cause of renal disease or intrinsic ARF.
acute tubular necrosis
188
This renal condition results from prolonged ischemia or nephrotoxins that cause damage to the tubular epithelium of the nephron that leads to renal failure.
acute tubular necrosis
189
Sonographically, this appears as enlarged kidneys, increased RI, and hypoechoic pyramids.
acute tubular necrosis
190
This is an inflammatory response that results in glomerular damage caused by an infection, exposure to toxins or an autoimmune reaction.
acute glomerulonephritis
191
Clinically, this presents with sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia (too much nitrogen in the blood).
acute glomerulonephritis
192
Sonographically, this appears as enlarged kidneys and increased RI.
acute glomerulonephritis
193
What's it called when the renal pelvis and calyces are dialated?
hyrdonephrosis
194
What are the three common areas of obstruction in hydronephrosis?
-UPJ -UVJ -pelvic brim
195
Which area of obstruction is most common for a stone blockage?
UVJ
196
Common causes of hydro...
-calculi -BPH -prostate CA -pelvic malignancies -pregnancy
197
If left untreated hydro can lead to...
-HTN -loss of renal function -sepsis
198
This is a disorder of calcium metabolism that results in the formation of calcium renal stones and the deposit of calcum salts in the renal parenchyma.
nephrocalcinosis
199
Nephrocalcinosis is caused by...
-acute cortical necrosis -chronic glomerulonephritis -hyperparathyroidism -vitamin D intoxication -medullary sponge kidney -papillary necrosis -sarcoidosis -malignancies
200
Clinically, this renal condition presents with acute back or flank pain that radiates down to the ipsilateral groin. If it's severe then fever, chills, dysuria, cloudy urine and hematuria can accompany.
nephrocalcinosis
201
Sonographically, this appears as calcified renal pyramids with no shadowing and a thin cortex.
nephrocalcinosis
202
This renal condition accounts for 1% of all hospital admissions.
nephrolithiasis
203
Clinically, this renal condition presents with acute back or flank pain often radiating down to the ipsilateral groin.
nephrolithiasis
204
This is ischemia of the renal pyramids.
papillary necrosis
205
Papillary necrosis is associated with...
-analgesic abuse -DM -uti and ut obstructions -renal vein thrombosis -sickle cell disease -CHF -cirrhosis
206
Sonographically, this appears as echogenic material within the collecting system, triangular cystic collections, and bright echoes produced by the arcuate arteries at the periphery of the cystic space.
papillary necrosis
207
In this renal condition, cortical thinning is the result of renal sinus and perirenal fat increases and replacing the renal parenchyma.
renal sinus lipomatosis or fibrolipomatosis
208
This is a hollow muscular and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor.
urinary bladder
209
The ureters enter the bladder at the ___ angle of the trigone.
superiolateral
210
Normal bladder wall thickness is ___ in a non-distended bladder and ___ in a distended bladder.
less than 5 mm, less than 3 mm
211
The apex of the bladder points ___ and is connected to the umbilicus by the \_\_\_.
anteriorly, urachus (median umbilical ligament)
212
This is a tube that connects the belly button to the top of the bladder.
urachus
213
IF the urachus remains open postnatally, ___ is recommended.
surgery
214
The bladder is composed of four layers...
-serous -muscular -submucous -mucous
215
In this bladder anomaly, the mucosa herniates through the muscular wall.
bladder diverticula
216
Most bladder diverticuli are ___ in association with longstanding bladder outlet \_\_\_.
acquired, obstruction
217
Bladder diverticuli are most comonly seen in...
older men with enlarged prostates.
218
This is a cystic dilation of the fetal urachus.
urachal cyst
219
Sonographically, this is seen as a cystic structure superior and anterior to the fetal bladder.
urachal cyst
220
These are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureters
221
In an adult, ureters are usually ___ long.
25-30 cm
222
Ureters descend on the ___ surface of the psoas muscles.
anterior
223
In the pelvis, the ureters cross ___ to the common iliac vessels.
anterior
224
This is a cyst-like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter which projects into the bladder lumen at the UVJ.
ureteroceles
225
This is associated with a duplex kidney and a complete ureteral duplication that results in obstruction of the upper pole collecting system.
ectopic ureteroceles
226
This is the most common bladder neoplasm.
transitional cell carcinoma
227
Sonographically, this appears as a mass or focal thickening of the bladder wall. Hematuria is the primary symptom.
transitional cell carcinoma
228
Other bladder masses...
-cystitis -prostate ca -squamous cell ca -blood clots -pyogenic debris -bladder papilloma -bladder stones
229
The normal renal artery demonstrates continuous forward flow during \_\_\_, typical of ___ resistance perfusion.
diastole, low
230
Resistive index is commonly used to...
-evaluate renal transplant rejection -access suspected hydro -evaluate renal disease
231
This is widely used to measure the resistance to arterial flow within the renal vascular bed and is calculated from the arterial waveform.
resistive index
232
The normal renal RI is..
less than or equal to 0.7.
233
If the RI is 0.7, diastole is \_\_\_% of systole.
30
234
The renal artery/aorta ratio (RAR) should be greater than....
3.5.
235
How much of the population have an RAR without significant turbulent flow?
0-59%
236
A small hard waveform that rises & falls slowly is called a...
parvus tardus
237
The most common cause of renal disease that leads to transplant is...
diabetes.
238
The treatment of choice for end stage renal disease is...
renal transplant.
239
Harvesting the ___ kidney is favored due to its longer renal vein.
left
240
The transplanted kidney is generally placed in the ___ portion of the pelvis, typically on the ___ side.
upper lateral, right
241
Poor function of the renal transplant may be the result of ___ immediately in the post-transplant period.
acute tubular necrosis
242
Post-renal transplant complications include...
-fluid collections -renal artery kinking or thrombosis -renal vein thrombosis.
243
Examples of fluid collections post-renal transplant?
hematomas, urinomas, lymphoceles, abscesses
244
Sonographically, this appears as renal enlargement\*, prominent hypoechoic pyramids, loss of cortical-medullary borders, and increasing renal length in a renal transplant patient.
acute rejection of a renal transplant
245
A normal RI for renal transplant patients would be...
less than 0.7.
246
A questionable RI for renal transplant patients would be...
0.7-0.8.
247
An RI that indicated renal transplant dysfunction would be...
greater than 0.8.
248
RI in renal patients might rise for what four reasons?
-parenchymal -vascular -urological -technical
249
Examples of a renal parenchymal cause of increased RI?
acute transplant rejection acute tubular necrosis pyelonephritis
250
Examples of a renal vascular cause of increased RI?
renal vein thrombosis hypotension
251
Example of a urological cause of increased RI?
ureteral obstruction
252
Examle of a technical cause of increased RI?
graft compression
253
This is a microscopic exam of the sediment and qualitative evaluation of the protein, glucose, ketones, blood, nitrates, and WBCs.
urinalysis
254
junctional fold defect
or
fetal lobulation
255
column of bertin
256
dromedary hump
257
ectopic kidney
258
horseshoe kidney
259
cross fused kidney
260
duplex kidney
261
ureterocele
262
extrarenal pelvis
263
hydronephrosis
264
supranumerary kidney
265
posterior urethral valve
266
renal cysts
267
milk of calcium cyst
268
peri or para pelvic cysts
269
hemorrhagic cyst
270
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
ARPKD
271
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
MCDK
272
medullary sponge kidney
273
angiomyolipoma
274
RCC
275
RCC
276
RCC
277
Wilm's tumor
278
focal acute pyelonephritis
279
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
280
fetal renal artery thrombosis
281
282
acute tubular necrosis
283
hydronephrosis
284
nephrocalcinosis
285
nephrolithiasis
286
bladder diverticula
287
urachal cyst
288
transitional cell cancer
289
parvus tardus waveform
290
