Research & Program Evaluation Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Define a Type II error.
A
Aka. beta error
When a researcher has accepted a null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference between an experimental group and a group not receiving any experimental treatment) when it is false
2
Q
Define a beta error.
A
Aka. Type II error
When a researcher has accepted a null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference between an experimental group and a group not receiving any experimental treatment) when it is false
3
Q
What error is made when a researcher has accepted a null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference between an experimental group and a group not receiving any experimental treatment) when it is false?
A
Type II error or beta error
4
Q
An experimenter wants to assess the effectiveness of a training course for improving SAT scores by comparing the pretest and posttest scores of a group of high school students. To analyze the data obtained in this study, the experimenter should use which statistical test? A. Factorial ANOVA B. Correlation C. T-test D. Chi-square
A
C. T-test
5
Q
What statistical test should be used when comparing two means?
A
T-test
6
Q
When should a T-test be used?
A
When comparing two means
7
Q
Parametric and non-parametric both:
A. Assume random assignment of samples to groups
B. Assume random selection of the sample from the population
C. Require a normally-shaped distribution of DV scores in the population
D. None of the above
A
B. Assume random selection of the sample from the population
8
Q
What is a difference between experimental and quasi-experimental research?
A
Random assignment is a requirement for experimental research. If you do not have random assignment, you have quasi-experimental research.
9
Q
What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics?
A
Parametric statistics make use of interval or ratio scales. Non-parametric statistics make use of nominal or ordinal scales.
10
Q
You want to assess the effectiveness of a community intervention initiative aimed at educating young people about the dangers of drugs. Your assessment will most likely be a(n): A. Single subject research design B. Experimental research design C. Evaluation research design D. Longitudinal research design
A
C. Evaluation research design (i.e., a program evaluation)
11
Q
A counselor conducted a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing group career counseling on the vocational maturity of high school sophomores. The study was begun in September and continued until June. This study is particularly susceptible to which of the following threats to the validity of an experiment? A. Reactive effects of experimentation B. Multiple treatment interference C. Regression D. Maturation
A
D. Maturation
12
Q
A counselor designs a study where two experimental groups and one control group complete pre- and post-experiment measures of self-concept. The subjects were not randomly assigned to the groups because of scheduling problems. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for analyzing the resultant data?
A. Correlated t-tests
B. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test
C. Analysis of covariance
D. Analysis of variance
A
C. Analysis of covariance
13
Q
A researcher conducts a study to test the hypothesis that children who eat food with a lot of sugar are more hyperactive than children who eat food with no sugar. The study’s independent variable is ____ and its dependent variable is ____:
A. Type of children; level of sugar consumed
B. Level of aggressiveness; level of sugar consumed
C. Level of sugar consumed; level of hyperactivity
D. Level of hyperactivity of children before eating; level of hyperactivity of children after eating
A
C. Level of sugar consumed; level of hyperactivity
14
Q
Define independent variable.
A
The variable that is hypothesized to bring about or predict change in the dependent variable
15
Q
The scale of measurement that is characterized by an arbitrary zero point is: A. Ordinal B. Ratio C. Nominal D. Interval
A
D. Interval
16
Q
Name the four scales of measurement.
A
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
17
Q
Describe the nominal scale of measurement.
A
It divides variables into unordered categories
18
Q
Describe the ordinal scale of measurement.
A
It divides variables into categories and also provides information on the order of those categories
19
Q
Describe the interval scale of measurement.
A
Characterized by equal intervals between data points, but no absolute zero. For example, in the Fahrenheit temperature scale, zero degrees does not mean that there is absolutely no heat. Thus the zero point is arbitrary rather than absolute.
20
Q
Describe the ratio scale of measurement.
A
Has the properties of order and equal intervals as well as the property of an absolute zero point
21
Q
When assessing the effect of a pretest on the dependent variable in an experiment, which research design should you use? A. Counterbalanced design B. ABA design C. Solomon four-group design D. ABAB design
A
C. Solomon four-group design
22
Q
Define the Solomon four-group design.
A
An experimental design used to control the effects of pretesting on both the internal and the external validity of a research study by including the pretest as an independent variable
23
Q
You are hired by a large insurance company to help improve sales. Two groups of employees are given a motivational pep talk that is either direct or indirect. Three groups are given either high doses, moderate doses, or low doses of a new drug designed to increase the performance of salespeople. Two groups attend a class in sales techniques that is taught either by an educator or an experienced salesperson. Afterwards, all subjects take a test of attitudes towards their jobs and all of their sales, in dollar amounts, are compared to previous levels. Which of the following is an independent variable in this study? A. Sales in dollar amounts B. Qualifications of the teacher of the class C. Low dosage of the drug D. Method for improving sales performance
A
B. Qualifications of the teacher of the class
24
Q
MANOVA is a statistical technique that is used in situations where:
A. There are multiple independent variables, each with multiple levels
B. There are multiple dependent variables and any number of independent variables
C. There are multiple dependent variables and only one independent variable
D. There are multiple dependent variables and multiple independent variables
A
B. There are multiple dependent variables and any number of independent variables
25
The most valuable type of research is
a. always conducted using a factor analysis.
b. conducted using the chi-square.
c. the experiment, used to discover cause and-effect relationships.
d. the quasi-experiment.
c. the experiment, used to discover cause and-effect relationships.
26
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means
a. interpreting the results in the simplest way.
b. interpreting the results in the most complex manner.
c. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient.
d. interpreting the results using a clinical interview.
a. interpreting the results in the simplest way.
27
Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters
a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.
b. interpret the results in the most complex manner.
c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient.
d. interpret the results using a clinical interview.
a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.
28
A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment
a. is parsimonious.
b. is an example of Occam’s Razor.
c. is confounded/flawed.
d. is valid and will most likely help the fi eld of counseling.
c. is confounded/flawed.
29
Nondirective is to person-centered as
a. psychological testing is to counseling.
b. confounding is to experimenting.
c. appraisal is to research.
d. parsimony is to Occam’s Razor.
d. parsimony is to Occam’s Razor.
30
An experiment is said to be confounded when
a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment.
c. basic research is used in place of applied research.
d. the sample is random.
a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
31
In experimental terminology IV stands for _______ and DV stands for _______.
a. independent variable; dependent variable.
b. dependent variable; independent variable.
c. individual variable; dependent variable.
d. independent variable; designer variable.
a. independent variable; dependent variable.
32
A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _______, and the DV will be the _______.
a. professor; anxiety level.
b. anxiety level; board exam score.
c. biofeedback; board exam score.
d. board exam score; biofeedback.
c. biofeedback; board exam score.
33
Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
a. DV.
b. dependent variable.
c. the variable you will measure to determine the outcome.
d. IV or independent variable.
d. IV or independent variable.
34
In order for the professor of counselor education (see question 708) to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _______ and a(n) _______.
a. biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group.
b. control group; systematic desensitization group.
c. control group; experimental group.
d. at least 60 subjects in the control group; at least 60 subjects in the experimental group.
c. control group; experimental group.
35
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in question 708 the experimental group would need to receive
a. the manipulated IV.
b. the biofeedback training.
c. a and b.
d. the organismic IV.
c. a and b.
36
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of
a. Hoppock.
b. Freud.
c. Lloyd Morgan.
d. R. A. Fisher.
d. R. A. Fisher.
37
The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a signifi cant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that
a. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam.
b. systematic desensitization might work better than biofeedback.
c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.
d. meta-analysis is required.
c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.
38
From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need
a. a correlation coeffi cient
b. only descriptive statistics.
c. percentile rank.
d. a test of signifi cance.
d. a test of signifi cance.
39
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
a. portion.
b. population parameter.
c. probability.
d. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach.
c. probability.
40
In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually
a. .05 or less.
b. 1.0 or higher.
c. .0001 or less.
d. 5.0.
a. .05 or less.
41
P = .05 really means that
a. fi ve subjects were not included in the study.
b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.
c. the level of signifi cance is .01.
d. no level of signifi cance has been set.
b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.
42
P = .05 really means that
a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.
b. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 99 out of 100 times.
c. there is a 95% error factor.
d. there is a 10% error factor.
a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.
43
The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a signifi cance level of P =
a. .05.
b. .01.
c. .001.
d. .08.
c. .001.
44
Type I and Type II errors are called _______ and _______ respectively.
a. beta; alpha.
b. .01; .05.
c. a and b.
d. alpha; beta.
d. alpha; beta.
45
A Type I error occurs when
a. you have a beta error.
b. you accept null when it is false.
c. you reject null when it is true.
d. you fail to use a test of significance.
c. you reject null when it is true.
46
A Type II error
a. is also called a beta error.
b. means you reject null when it is applicable.
c. means you accept null when it is false.
d. a and c.
d. a and c.
47
Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a
a. Type I error.
b. Type II error.
c. beta error.
d. b and c.
a. Type I error.
48
A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will
a. confound the experiment in nearly every case.
b. raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
c. have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors.
d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.
d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.
49
If a researcher changes the signifi cance level from .05 to.001, then
a. alpha and beta errors will increase.
b. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease.
c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.
d. This will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors.
c. alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.
50
A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for signifi cant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize
a. the student’s t test.
b. a correlation coeffi cient.
c. a survey.
d. an analysis of variance or ANOVA.
a. the student’s t test.
51
The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would
a. be the mean.
b. bethettest.
c. be the two-way ANOVA
d. be the ANOVA
d. be the ANOVA
52
If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then
the statistic of choice would be
a. themedian.
b. thettest.
c. the two-way ANOVA or MANOVA.
d. theANOVA.
c. the two-way ANOVA or MANOVA.
53
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would
a. consultthemode.
b. consult a table for t values.
c. consult a table for F values.
d. computethechi-square.
c. consult a table for F values.
54
Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?
a. .05
b. .01
c. .2
d. .001
d. .001
55
When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal
a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.
b. the probability that a significant difference exists.
c. anFtest.
d. percentile rank.
a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.
56
If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be
a. positive.
b. negative.
c. 0.00.
d. impossible to ascertain.
a. positive.
57
Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correla- tion of 1.00?
a. IQ and salary.
b. ICD diagnosis and salary.
c. length in inches and length in centimeters.
d. height and weight.
c. length in inches and length in centimeters.
58
A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates’ baby toes with their NCE scores the result would
a. be close to 0.00.
b. be close to a perfect 1.00.
c. be close to a perfect negative correlation of –1.00.
d. be about +.70.
a. be close to 0.00.
59
Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X’s research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because
a. systematic desensitization is clearly not a behavioral strategy.
b. this can only be determined via a histogram.
c. the study suffers from longitudinal and maturational effects.
d. correlation does not imply causal.
d. correlation does not imply causal.
60
Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experi- mental design. The first step in this approach would be to
a. consult a random number table.
b. decide on a nonparametric statistical test.
c. take a baseline measure.
d. compute the range.
c. take a baseline measure.
61
In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiv- ing an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a
a. double-blindstudy.
b. single-blindstudy.
c. baseline for an intensive N=1 design. d. participant observer model.
b. single-blindstudy.
62
A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students re- ceived the new treatment. This was a
a. double-blindstudy.
b. single-blindstudy.
c. typicalABdesign.
d. case of correlational research.
a. double-blindstudy.
63
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to
a. blindstudy.
b. double-blindstudy.
c. N = 1 design.
d. degree of relationship.
d. degree of relationship.
64
In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like
a. a symmetrical bell.
b. the top half of a bowling ball.
c. the top half of a hot dog.
d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.
c. the top half of a hot dog.
65
The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is
a. the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency.
b. always 10% less than the mean.
c. the arithmetic average.
d. the middle score in the distribution of scores.
a. the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency.
66
A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e., most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this looks roughly like
a. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve.
b. a camel’s back with two humps.
c. the top half of a bowling ball.
d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left.
b. a camel’s back with two humps.
67
In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the
a. mean.
b. median.
c. mode.
d. range.
c. mode.
68
The most useful measure of central tendency is the
a. mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.
b. median often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn.
c. mode often abbreviated by Mo.
d. point of maximum concentration.
a. mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.
69
In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The counselor is using
a. a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
b. a factorial design.
c. the harmonic mean.
d. the mean.
d. the mean.
70
From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when
a. the distribution is skewed.
b. the distribution has no extreme scores.
c. there are extreme scores.
d. a and c.
d. a and c.
71
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisticians call it
a. Gauss’scurve.
b. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve.
c. a skewed distribution.
d. an invalid distribution.
c. a skewed distribution.
72
The median is
a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest.
b. the arithmetic average.
c. the most frequent value obtained.
d. never more useful than the mean.
a. the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest.
73
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a _______ design.
a. Pearson product-moment r
b. Spearman rank order rho
c. factorial
d. Solomon four-group design created by psychologist Rich- ard L. Solomon.
c. factorial
74
Regardless of the shape, the _______ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
a. df.
b. mean.
c. median.
d. mode.
d. mode.
75
If a group of first semester graduate students in counseling took the NCE exam, a distribution of scores would be
a. a bell-shaped curve.
b. positively skewed.
c. negativelyskewed.
d. more information obviously is needed.
b. positively skewed.
76
Nine of the world’s finest counselor educators are given an el- ementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be
a. a bell-shaped curve.
b. positively skewed.
c. negatively skewed.
d. more information would be necessary.
c. negatively skewed.
77
Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy’s raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy’s raw score indicates that
a. he is roughly a B student.
b. he answered 82% correctly.
c. his percentile rank is 82.
d. more information is obviously necessary.
d. more information i obviously necessary.
78
A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a
a. histogram.
b. sociogram.
c. genogram.
d. genus.
a. histogram.
79
When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as
a. mesokurtic.
b. the y axis.
c. theordinate.
d. the x axis.
d. the x axis.
80
The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also known as
a. the y axis.
b. the abscissa.
c. theDV.
d. the vertical axis.
b. the abscissa.
81
The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis is also known as the
a. ordinate.
b. abscissa.
c. the IV.
d. the horizontal axis.
a. ordinate.
82
If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that
a. the curve will be normal.
b. the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell.
c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations.
d. the research is useless in the field of counseling.
c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations.
83
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment
a. is impacted by the observer effect.
b. is said to be a naturalistic observation.
c. is the result of ethological observation.
d. is said to be reliable.
d. is said to be reliable.
84
The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the low- est score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be
a. 61.
b. 77.
c. 59.
d. more information is necessary.
a. 61.
85
A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to
a. the normal curve.
b. therange.
c. a correlation coefficient. d. the John Henry Effect.
c. a correlation coefficient. d. the John Henry Effect.
86
A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individ- ual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be
a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.
b. smaller in the afternoon class.
c. impossible to speculate about without more data.
d. nearly the same in either class.
a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.
87
The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then
a. the average score on the test would be 122.
b. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.
c. 99% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.
d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.
d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.
88
Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within
a. plus or minus 1 SD of the mean.
b. the average IQ range.
c. an IQ score which is more that 2 SD above the mean.
d. plus or minus 2 SD of the mean.
d. plus or minus 2 SD of the mean.
89
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A z- score of +1 would be the same as
a. one standard deviation above the mean.
b. one standard deviation below the mean.
c. the same as a so-called T-score.
d. the median score if the population is normal.
a. one standard deviation above the mean.
90
Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of –2.5 means
a. 2.5 SD below the mean.
b. 2.5 SD above the mean.
c. a CEEB score of 500.
d. –.05% of the population falls within this area of the curve.
a. 2.5 SD below the mean.
91
A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a T- score of 40 would
a. be –2 SD.
b. be –1 SD.
c. be a z-score of +2.
d. be a z-score of +1.
b. be –1 SD.
92
An IQ score on an IQ test which was three standard deviations above the mean would be
a. aboutaverage.
b. slightly below the norm for adults.
c approximately110.
d. near the genius level.
d. near the genius level.
93
A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like
a. the upper half of a bowling ball.
b. the normal distribution.
c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa.
d. a camel’s back.
c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa.
94
Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as
a. extreme.
b. very typical or within the average range. c. close to the mean.
d. very low scores.
a. extreme.
95
In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine
a. 1.
b. 9.
c. 5.
d. 7.
c. 5.
96
There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the or- dinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?
a. A horse categorized as a second place winner in a show.
b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.
c. An IQ score of 111.
d. The weight of an Olympic barbell set.
b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.
97
The ordinal scale rank-orders variables, though the relative dis- tance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be
a. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race.
b. an IQ score of 111.
c. the weight of an Olympic barbell set.
d. a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit.
a. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race.
98
The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but can- not multiply or divide. An example of this would be
a. that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.
b. that a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight.
c. that a first-place runner is three times as fast as the third place finisher.
d. that a baseball player with number 9 on his uniform can
get 9 times more hits than player number 1.
a. that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.
99
A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtrac- tion, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research
a. the ratio scale is the most practical.
b. all true studies utilize the ratio scale.
c. a and b.
d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.
d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.
100
Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children’s behavior. In this approach
a. the researcher manipulates the IV.
b. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV.
c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables.
d. the researcher will rely on a 2×3 factorial design
c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables.
101
The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of _______ to be accurate.
a. survey; 5%.
b. survey; 10%–25%.
c. survey; 50–75%.
d. survey; 95%.
c. survey; 50–75%.
102
A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual’s depression begins to lift. This is known as
a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. the Halo effect.
c. the placebo effect.
d. the learned helplessness syndrome.
c. the placebo effect.
103
A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be
a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. the Halo Effect.
c. the Rosenthal effect.
d. a Type II error in the research.
a. the Hawthorne effect.
104
An elementary school counselor tells the third grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via
a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. the Halo effect.
c. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect.
d. observer bias.
c. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect.
105
A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of
a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. the Halo effect.
c. the Rosenthal effect.
d. trend analysis.
b. the Halo effect.
106
All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except
a. it is a correlation coefficient.
b. it controls for sample differences which exist.
c. it helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables.
d. it statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates.
a. it is a correlation coefficient.
107
Three years ago an inpatient chemical dependency center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhem Reich known as “vegotherapy.” Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—three years late—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as
a. correlation research.
b. a true experiment.
c. a cohort study.
d. causal comparative research.
d. causal comparative research.
108
Three years ago an inpatient chemical dependency center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhem Reich known as “vegotherapy.” Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—three years late—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as
a. correlation research.
b. a true experiment.
c. a cohort study.
d. causal comparative research.
d. causal comparative research.
109
The WAIS-III IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?
a. 7 people.
b. 99 people.
c. 95 people.
d. 68 people.
d. 68 people.
110
A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that
a. Sam and Jeff’s scores will stay about the same if they take the test again.
b. Sam and Jeff will both score over 95 next time.
c. Sam’s score will increase while Jeff’s will go down.
d. Sam will beat Jeff if they both are tested again.
c. Sam’s score will increase while Jeff’s will go down.
111
Standardized tests always have
a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
b. a mean of 100 and an SD of 15.
c. a mean of 100 and a standard error of measurement of 3.
d. a reliability coeffi cient of +.90 or above.
a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
112
There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,
a. the researcher has an accomplice pose as a client.
b. the same people are studied over a period of time.
c. the researcher relies on a single observation of a variable being investigated.
d. all of the above.
b. the same people are studied over a period of time.
113
If an ANOVA yields a signifi cant F value, you could rely on _______ to test signifi cant differences between group means.
a. one- and two-tailed t tests.
b. percentile rank.
c. Duncan’s multiple-range, Tukey’s, or Scheffe’s test.
d. summative or formative evaluation.
c. Duncan’s multiple-range, Tukey’s, or Scheffe’s test.
114
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as
a. the Pygmalion effect.
b. counterbalancing.
c. ahistoric therapy.
d. multiple treatment interference.
b. counterbalancing.
115
A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize
a. SPSS.
b. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources.
c. O*NET.
d. a random number table or random number generation computer program.
d. a random number table or random number generation computer program.
116
In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?
a. Standard (i.e., simple) random sampling is adequate.
b. Cluster sampling is called for.
c. Stratifi ed sampling would be best.
d. Horizontal sampling is required.
c. Stratifi ed sampling would be best.
117
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that
a. she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment.
b. her research will absolutely, positively be casual comparative research.
c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.
d. her research will be correlational.
c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.
118
In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures?
a. Mann-Whitney U-test, often just called the U-test.
b. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs.
c. Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H-test.
d. All of the above are nonparametric measures.
b. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs.
119
A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client’s phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of
a. deductive logic or reasoning.
b. inductive logic or reasoning.
c. attrition or so-called experimental mortality.
d. construct validity.
b. inductive logic or reasoning.
120
A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, “What for, I already know the 12 steps?” This client is using
a. deductive logic.
b. inductive logic.
c. an empathic assertion.
d. an I statement.
a. deductive logic.
121
Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know
a. the range of scores in his class.
b. the standard deviation.
c. the standard error of measurement (SEM).
d. the mode for the test.
c. the standard error of measurement (SEM).
122
A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or socalled population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is
a. a projective measure.
b. unacceptable for use in standardized testing.
c. a speed test.
d. a Likert scale.
d. a Likert scale.
