Group Work Flashcards
1
Q
Which statement best reflects the appropriate stance of a group leader toward a group comprised of involuntary members?
A. Expect that members will most likely be unmotivated
B. Attempt to downplay the issue of choice
C. Deal openly with members’ reservations
D. Move quickly beyond the resistance to clinical issues
A
C. Deal openly with members’ reservations
2
Q
Identify the one statement which is incongruent with the Ethical Code for Professional Counselors.
A. Most group members are aware of potential risks of participating in the group
B. Group members may need to be cautioned to be selective in what they express to persons outside of the group
C. Generally, members do not violate confidentiality when they talk about what they learned in group sessions
D. Techniques which arouse strong emotions are best used only when a trusting relationship has been established
A
A. Most group members are aware of potential risks of participating in the group
3
Q
To be effective as co-leaders of a group, which of the following would be essential?
A. Mutual respect more than the same style
B. A personal friendship
C. Spending time together before and after each session to evaluate the leadership
D. Both A. and C.
A
D. Both A. and C.
4
Q
Which of the following statements best reflects the nature of, and need for, research and group practice?
A. Prolific research of “rank and file” group practitioners greatly aides group practice
B. More pure research is needed instead of field studies
C. At the very least, groups trainers need to learn how to evaluate research implications for practice
D. A primary focus on research can serve to limit the flexibility of the group practitioner
A
C. At the very least, groups trainers need to learn how to evaluate research implications for practice
5
Q
Advantage(s) of therapeutic groups is/are:
A. Group is an effective way to dispense advice
B. Groups allow people to step outside their real and painful worlds
C. The group setting offers support for new behavior and encourages experimentation
D. All of the above
A
C. The group setting offers support for new behavior and encourages experimentation
6
Q
Select the statement(s) most reflective of cohesion as it develops within a group.
A. Talking about a lack of trust or fear of trusting is an indicator of an initial degree of cohesion
B. Genuine cohesion exists as a goal to approach, but not to attain
C. Trust is rarely developed during the early age of a group
D. Little actual relationship exists between group attractiveness and cohesion
A
A. Talking about a lack of trust or fear of trusting is an indicator of an initial degree of cohesion
7
Q
Characteristics best reflective of the Transition Stage are:
A. Catharsis and humor
B. Anxiety and a struggle for control
C. Feelings of both separation and concern for group members
D. Hidden agendas and trust
A
B. Anxiety and a struggle for control
8
Q
If a group leader or member gives a member or leader feedback in such a way that it invites the person to look at personal behavior and to decide about continuing or changing a pattern, it is considered to be: A. Judgmental B. Confrontation C. Self-disclosure D. Blocking
A
B. Confrontation
9
Q
When speaking of self-disclosure in groups, it is best to remember that:
A. For members to progress and grow, disclosures should be limited to safe topics
B. Self-disclosure increases the chances that a person will be misunderstood
C. For the leader, disclosure of relevant personal content is usually more helpful than disclosing feelings which are relevant to what is going on in the group
D. It is helpful to follow guidelines for self-disclosure, such as suggesting that disclosures need to be related to the purpose and goals of the group
A
D. It is helpful to follow guidelines for self-disclosure, such as suggesting that disclosures need to be related to the purpose and goals of the group
10
Q
Which of the following questions would NOT be appropriate during the final stage of a group?
A. What has this experience meant to you?
B. How can we help minimize the loss you will feel in leaving this group?
C. Where can you go from here?
D. How does it feel to be in here now compared with what it was like for you when the group began?
A
B. How can we help minimize the loss you will feel in leaving this group?
11
Q
Interventions with groups that are "normal" for the purpose of dealing with decision making or mild situational problems are known as: A. Group counseling B. Group dynamics C. Group psychotherapy D. Sensitivity group training
A
A. Group counseling
12
Q
J. L. Moreno is credited with:
A. Conducting public psychotherapy with children
B. Officially creating a group therapy movement
C. Conducting the first official marathon group
D. None of the above
A
B. Officially creating a group therapy movement
13
Q
The former psychoanalytic patient who developed activity group therapy for children is: A. Alexander Wolf B. George Schwartz C. S. R. Slayson D. Irvin Yalom
A
C. S. R. Slayson
14
Q
The interacting forces within groups as they operate to achieve objectives is called: A. Cohesion B. Group dynamics C. Synergy D. Altruism
A
B. Group dynamics
15
Q
Which of the following is NOT recommended as a method of dealing with a group member’s hostile feelings?
A. Allow the member to act out his feelings
B. Recognize the member’s hostility and help him to verbalize it
C. State the limits on a specific hostile act
D. Allow the hostile person to take a break and meet with the counselor after the session
A
A. Allow the member to act out his feelings
16
Q
The assumptions underlying heterogeneous group composition are that:
A. Such a group is a microcosm of society
B. Self-defeating behavior can more easily be identified and confronted in a group that approximates the composition of society
C. The group focus is on the past rather than on the present
D. All of the above
E. Only A. and B.
A
E. Only A. and B.
17
Q
Which of the following is the stage/phase conceptualization of Tuckman?
A. Norming, forming, storming, performing, adjourning
B. Storming, norming, forming, performing, adjourning
C. Performing, storming, norming, forming, adjourning
D. Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
A
D. Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
18
Q
A closed group is:
A. Characterized by the formation of a group composed of members who remain together until the group is terminated
B. A group to which new members may be added only with the permission of the group leader
C. Always problem specific and focused on a single issue commonly shared by all members of the group
D. Always superior to an open group
A
A. Characterized by the formation of a group composed of members who remain together until the group is terminated
19
Q
Among the differences between family therapy and group therapy are:
A. Groups are specifically designed to provide opportunities for reality testing whereas in family therapy, family members frequently share distortions of reality
B. Transference within group therapy is less amenable for exploration and change whereas transference within family therapy is more amenable for exploration and correction
C. It is less safe to speak openly in group therapy than in family therapy
D. There is more potential for an atmosphere of warmth and support in family therapy than in group therapy
A
A. Groups are specifically designed to provide opportunities for reality testing whereas in family therapy, family members frequently share distortions of reality
20
Q
Which of the following does not clearly apply to group counseling? A. Informed consent B. Privileged communication C. Privilege to participate D. Beneficence
A
B. Privileged communication
21
Q
The group process should aim to:
A. Focus on needs, priorities, and self-enhancement growth on the part of the individual
B. Focus on needs, interests, and priorities of a larger society
C. Work for a balancing of both individuals and collective interests and needs
D. Both A. and C.
A
D. Both A. and C.
22
Q
When Corey, et al., speak of the two types of goals for facilitators, they are referring to:
A. General process goals and content goals
B. General goals which support a psychological climate and process goals which pertain to members learning for to relate
C. Basic listening goals and goals for developing personal insights into feelings
D. General emotional goals as well as life problem solving skills
A
B. General goals which support a psychological climate and process goals which pertain to members learning for to relate
23
Q
If psychodrama is effective, the group members will accomplish which of the following?
A. Develop greater personal insight and forgive family members for the past
B. Become aware of their own energy blocks and learn new methods for relating
C. Progress to greater levels of self-awareness and develop better emotional and behavioral controls
D. Develop more effective problem solving skills and be more open to feedback from others
A
C. Progress to greater levels of self-awareness and develop better emotional and behavioral controls
24
Q
What does a member have a right to expect before making the decision of whether or not to join a particular group?
A. A discussion of the rights and responsibilities of group members
B. A clear statement regarding the purpose of the group
C. A pre-group interview
D. All of the above
A
D. All of the above
25
Confidentiality in groups is:
A. A legal right of every member
B. Something that members can be guaranteed
C. Limited by state laws
D. An absolute that can never be broken for any reason
C. Limited by state laws
26
```
Opening up clear and direct communication among members and helping members to assume increasing responsibility for the group's direction is known as:
A. Suggesting
B. Facilitating
C. Goal setting
D. None of the above
```
B. Facilitating
27
```
Offering possible explanations for certain thoughts, feelings, and patterns of behavior is called:
A. Interpreting
B. Evaluating
C. Active listening
D. Giving feedback
```
A. Interpreting
28
```
Identify the one concept that is NOT included in Irvin Yalom's list of "therapeutic factors" for group work.
A. Altruism
B. Imparting information
C. Catharsis
D. Technical expertise
```
D. Technical expertise
29
```
If the group leader intervenes to help members see ways in which they are connected, or in which they share each other's pain, it is an example of:
A. Group cohesiveness
B. Universality
C. Imitative behavior
D. Existential realism
```
B. Universality
30
```
The name given to behavior that group members define as appropriate (this includes implicit expectations and explicit rules of conduct):
A. More
B. Roles
C. Scripts
D. Norms
```
D. Norms
31
```
The cooperative spirit de core that allows a wide range of emotional expression within a group is called:
A. Group dynamics
B. Compliance
C. Cohesion
D. Conflict resolution
```
C. Cohesion
32
In group therapy, the term open group means:
A. A group in which many topics are open for discussion
B. A group which is open to membership regardless of gender, sexual orientation, or mental disorder
C. A group to which members can be added
D. A group which has no set beginning
C. A group to which members can be added
33
Define confrontation.
When a group leader or member gives another member or leader feedback in such a way that it invites the person to look at personal behavior and to decide about continuing or changing a pattern
34
Who is S. R. Slayson?
A former psychoanalytic patient who developed activity group therapy for children
35
Define group dynamics.
The interacting forces within groups as they operate to achieve objectives
36
Define facilitation.
Opening up clear and direct communication among members and helping members to assume increasing responsibility for the group's direction
37
Define interpretation.
Offering possible explanations for certain thoughts, feelings, and patterns of behavior
38
Define universality.
When the group leader intervenes to help members see ways in which they are connected, or in which they share each other's pain
39
Define norms.
Behavior that group members define as appropriate, including implicit expectations and explicit rules of conduct
40
Define cohesion.
The cooperative spirit de core that allows a wide range of emotional expression within a group
41
Define an open group.
A group in which members join and leave the group at different times
42
```
Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to yield some specified outcome, or "product," while in others the primary goal is to focus on the "process" of interaction within the group. Which of the following types of groups is more product than process oriented?
A. Behavioral
B. Client-centered
C. Adlerian
D. Transactional-analysis
```
A. Behavioral
43
```
In the context of group counseling, members that are high in conformity also tend to be high in:
A. Superiority
B. Independence
C. Authoritarianism
D. Intelligence
```
C. Authoritarianism
44
```
Social facilitation is most likely to occur when:
A. Groups are highly cohesive
B. There are fewer than 5 observers
C. The task is a simple one
D. The task is difficult
```
C. The task is a simple one
45
Define social facilitation and describe its effects on simple vs. difficult tasks.
It occurs when the presence of others increases task performance. In general, the presence of other people enhances performance on simple or well-learned tasks; by contrast, the presence of others impairs performance on complex or poorly-learned tasks.
46
A support group for recently widowed elderly men and women spends a great deal of time asking the leader questions about practical issues. The group leader should ideally:
A. Encourage the questions to ensure that the members understand how being in the group can help them cope with their lives
B. Listen to the questions, but ask other members to respond to them
C. Discourage questions
D. Neither encourage nor discourage the questions as they are an inevitable part of the group process
C. Discourage questions
If group members ask the leader too many questions, the leader becomes the center of all attention and knowledge. Thus, although group leaders should answer all questions in the initial sessions in an interested and sympathetic way, they should generally discourage questions.
47
All of the following represent constructive strategies for managing resistance in a group except:
A. An open discussion of a member's arguments who does not feel that the group is worthwhile
B. An open discussion of the underlying reasons why a group member has argued that the group is not worthwhile
C. Stating that a member who always leaves sessions fifteen minutes before the group is finished is asserting her independence
D. Stating that a group member who always disagrees with the therapist is a good role model for other members who lack assertiveness
A. An open discussion of a member's arguments who does not feel that the group is worthwhile
48
Name three healthy ways to handle complaints resistance in a group.
1. Discussing underlying reasons for the complaints
2. Reframing the complaints in a positive light
Redefining problems as an opportunity for growth
49
401. Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place
a. in a group setting.
b. with the entire family present.
c. in a dyadic relationship.
d. in Behavior Therapy clinics.
c. in a dyadic relationship.
50
A group has
a. a membership which can be defi ned.
b. some degree of unity and interaction.
c. a shared purpose.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
51
The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by
a. Frank Parsons, the Father of guidance.
b. Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.
c. E. G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint.
d. Fritz Perls, the Father of gestalt therapy.
b. Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.
52
In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created:
a. NASW and NBCC.
b. ASGW and AAS.
c. the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama and the American Group Psychotherapy Association.
d. AACD and APA.
c. the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama and the American Group Psychotherapy Association.
53
Which theorist’s work has been classifi ed as a preface to the group movement?
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Jessie B. Davis.
d. Adler.
d. Adler.
54
Primary groups are
a. preventive and attempt to ward off problems.
b. always follow a person-centered paradigm.
c. generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy.
d. always focused on the client’s childhood.
a. preventive and attempt to ward off problems.
55
A group is classifi ed as secondary. This implies that
a. it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems.
b. a difficulty or disturbance is present.
c. two therapists are utilized.
d. all of the above.
b. a difficulty or disturbance is present.
56
When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group
a. the tertiary focuses less on individual members.
b. the tertiary focuses more on the here-and now.
c. the tertiary is less likely to deal with severe pathology.
d. the tertiary is more likely to deal with severe pathology
d. the tertiary is more likely to deal with severe pathology
57
Group norms
a. exist only in encounter groups.
b. exist only in career counseling groups.
c. are not related to group cohesiveness.
d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.
d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.
58
Group therapy initially fl ourished in the United States due to
a. Freud’s lectures in this country.
b. a shortage of competent career counselors.
c. a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.
d. pressure from nondirective therapists pushing encounter groups.
c. a shortage of individual therapists during World War II.
59
Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to
a. analysis of the unconscious.
b. analysis of the ego.
c. the T-group paradigm.
d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.
d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.
60
Group cohesiveness refers to
a. forces which tend to bind group members together.
b. an analysis of group content.
c. a common coleadership style.
d. a style of leadership.
a. forces which tend to bind group members together.
61
Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem solving group) in that
a. group counseling would be of longer duration.
b. group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction
group, would be of longer duration.
c. group counseling requires far more training.
d. group therapy addresses a less disturbed population of clients.
b. group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction
group, would be of longer duration.
62
Most experts would agree that overall
a. structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques.
b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.
c. all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques.
d. ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client.
b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.
63
One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and
a. thus individual issues are not properly examined.
b. the group becomes too behavioristic.
c. a and b.
d. thus the group focuses too much on content.
a. thus individual issues are not properly examined.
64
According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will
a. be less conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion.
b. be more conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion.
c. often be aggressive or illegal.
d. violate the group’s confi dentiality norms.
a. be less conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion.
65
T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The “T” in T-groups merely stands for
a. techniques.
b. taxonomy.
c. training.
d. testing.
c. training.
66
A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are
a. unstructured.
b. psychodynamic or person-centered.
c. focused heavily on existential concerns.
d. behavioristic and highly structured.
d. behavioristic and highly structured.
67
Weight Watchers is a
a. T-group also called a training group.
b. self-help or support group as is AA.
c. psychotherapy group.
d. marathon group.
b. self-help or support group as is AA.
68
ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members
a. for all groups.
b. only when the group is in a hospital inpatient setting.
c. only when the group is composed of minors.
d. only if the group deals with chemical dependency.
a. for all groups.
69
A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice offi ce. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?
a. A shy librarian.
b. An anxious salesman with no group experience.
c. An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker.
d. A student with 16 hours toward her M.Ed in counseling.
c. An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker.
70
A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?
a. A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.
b. A second-year student who stutters.
c. A graduate student with a facial tic.
d. A fourth-year student with obsessive compulsive (OCD) tendencies.
a. A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic.
71
A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time effi cient, many group leaders feel they are superior inasmuch as private screening sessions
a. intensify transference.
b. encourage catharsis.
c. intensify abreaction.
d. are generally superior in terms of counselor/client interaction.
d. are generally superior in terms of counselor/client interaction.
72
Most experts in the fi eld of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability
a. to open up.
b. to listen.
c. to trust.
d. to convey empathy.
c. to trust.
73
Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that
a. open groups are limited to hospital settings.
b. in an open group members can socialize between group meetings.
c. closed groups always employ coleaders.
d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins
d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins
74
426. One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is
a. cost effectiveness.
b. it promotes cohesiveness.
c. it lessens counselor burnout.
d. it allows the members to meet less frequently.
b. it promotes cohesiveness.
75
One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that
a. if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members.
b. closed groups cannot provide depth therapy.
c. it promotes paranoid feelings in group members.
d. closed groups are much more structured.
a. if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members.
76
The number of people in an open group is generally
a. more stable than in a closed group.
b. much smaller after an extended period of time than in a closed group.
c. significantly larger than in a closed group.
d. more dependent on the group leader’s marketing skills than in a closed group.
a. more stable than in a closed group.
77
One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that
a. new members are not accepted after the first meeting.
b. the leader does not control the screening process.
c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences.
d. the group is generally too behavioristic for depth therapy to occur.
c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences.
78
When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to
a. try to face the group member.
b. not face the group member, as this does not appear genuine in a group setting.
c. smile while listening.
d. suppress genuine emotion.
a. try to face the group member.
79
A group setting has a fl exible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that
a. an African-American client and a Caucasian leader would sit close together.
b. a Hispanic client and an African-American leader would sit close together.
c. an Asian-American client and an African American leader would sit close together.
d. an Asian-American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together.
d. an Asian-American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together.
80
A group setting has a fl exible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that
a. a male leader in a designer suit and a female client in cutoff jeans will sit close together.
b. a Hispanic male leader in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together.
c. a Caucasian female leader in a designer outfit and a Caucasian male client in a pair of old jeans and an undershirt will sit close together.
d. a male leader in a designer suit and a female client in a jogging suit and old tennis shoes with holes in them will sit close together.
b. a Hispanic male leader in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together.
81
Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product?
a. “Jim seems more relaxed today.”
b. “Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening.”
c. “I hear a lot of sadness in Betty’s voice.”
d. “You wince whenever Jane raises her voice.”
d. “You wince whenever Jane raises her voice.
82
Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process?
a. “Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens.”
b. “And Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships.”
c. “It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt….”
d. “Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality.”
a. “Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens.”
83
Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that
a. we are unique and so are our problems.
b. there is a universal way to solve nearly any difficulty.
c. a and b.
d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.
d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.
84
In the late 1930s researchers identifi ed three basic leadership styles:
a. directive, nondirective, and semipassive.
b. autocratic (authoritarian), democratic, and laissez faire.
c. relaxed, anxious, and tense.
d. assertive, nonassertive, and aggressive.
b. autocratic (authoritarian), democratic, and laissez faire.
85
The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader
a. assigns a group member as the authoritarian.
b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little.
c. has the most desirable style of leadership.
d. nearly always run open-ended groups.
b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little.
86
When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles,
a. the autocratic is the most desirable.
b. the laissez faire is the most desirable.
c. the democratic is the most desirable.
d. there is no discernable difference in effectiveness.
c. the democratic is the most desirable.
87
A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because
a. the group can go on even if one leader is absent.
b. two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader.
c. leaders can process their feelings between sessions.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
88
Coleadership
a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.
b. increases burnout.
c. has no impact on burnout.
d. should not be used for open groups.
a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.
89
Coleadership
a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference.
b. exacerbates the harm of countertransference.
c. has no impact on the issue of countertransference.
d. eliminates all diffi culties associated with countertransference.
a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference.
90
Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when
a. leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group.
b. leaders are intimate with each other.
c. leaders question each other’s competence.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
91
Coleaders are apt to work at cross-purposes when
a. they do not meet between group sessions.
b. they do meet between group sessions.
c. they are master’s level practitioners.
d. they are doctoral level practitioners.
a. they do not meet between group sessions.
92
Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _______ is necessary for an effective group leader.
a. a master’s degree in guidance and counseling
b. a doctorate in counselor education
c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader’s group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)
d. three credit hours in a graduate course in group theory
c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader’s group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)
93
Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has _______ members.
a. 9 to 12.
b. 3 to 5.
c. 11 to 16.
d. 5 or 6 to 8.
d. 5 or 6 to 8.
94
Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for
children has
a. more members than an adult group.
b. less members than an adult group.
c. at least two group leaders.
d. 9 to 12 members.
b. less members than an adult group.
95
Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined.
a. three hours per session.
b. one hour per session.
c. six hours per session.
d. two hours per session.
d. two hours per session.
96
In terms of group risks
a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.
b. an ethical leader should never discuss risks with a client.
c. research has demonstrated that the less said about them the better the group will interact.
d. an ethical leader allows the group to discover risks and work through them at their own pace.
a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.
97
An adept group leader will
a. attempt to safeguard clients against risks.
b. work to reduce risks and dangers.
c. a and b.
d. let the group handle the dangers on their own.
c. a and b.
98
A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is “closed” ASGW ethics state that
a. the leader must insist that the client stay.
b. the client must be allowed to withdraw.
c. the leader should allow other members to put pressure on the participant to stay.
d. a and c.
b. the client must be allowed to withdraw.
99
During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as
a. setting ground rules.
b. ambivalent transference.
c. blocking.
d. scapegoating.
a. setting ground rules.
100
Group norms refer to
a. a statistically normal group composed of 8 to 12 members.
b. a statistically normal group composed of 12 to 14 members.
c. a normal group with no cultural differences.
d. the range of acceptable behavior within the group.
d. the range of acceptable behavior within the group.
101
The study of group operations is often called
a. group desensitization.
b. the hot seat technique.
c. group dynamics.
d. structuring the group.
c. group dynamics.
102
The word dynamic means the group is
a. normal.
b. always changing.
c. static.
d. defined in an operational manner.
b. always changing.
103
Experts fi rmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is
a. setting too many goals.
b. using a male and a female coleader.
c. that the leader uses a democratic style.
d. a lack of goal setting.
d. a lack of goal setting.
104
A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is
a. probably not running an assertiveness training group.
b. is running an unstructured group.
c. is running a structured group.
d. is invariably running a self-help group.
c. is running a structured group.
105
Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because
a. a group cannot not have structure.
b. only structured groups are effective.
c. unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic.
d. unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapy groups.
a. a group cannot not have structure.
106
Some research demonstrates that
a. structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members.
b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.
c. autocratic or authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best.
d. structured exercises are never appropriate.
b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.
107
In some literature, group cohesiveness, or “we-ness,” is known as
a. group unity.
b. a sociogram.
c. Karpman’s triangle.
d. the transition stage.
a. group unity.
108
Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role?
a. energizer.
b. scapegoat.
c. gatekeeper.
d. reactive schizophrenia.
d. reactive schizophrenia.
109
A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or
a. an energizer.
b. a scapegoat.
c. an interrogator.
d. a follower.
c. an interrogator.
110
The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is
a. aggressive.
b. assertive.
c. practicing excitation.
d. nonassertive.
d. nonassertive.
111
The _______ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group.
a. follower.
b. gatekeeper.
c. social isolate.
d. harmonizer.
b. gatekeeper.
112
Everybody picks on
a. the gatekeeper.
b. the harmonizer, also known as the conciliator.
c. the scapegoat.
d. the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker, and the joker.
c. the scapegoat.
113
A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.
a. gatekeeper.
b. interrogator.
c. scapegoat.
d. storyteller.
a. gatekeeper.
114
Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of “we-ness” between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as
a. it can stunt creativity.
b. it can abet conformity.
c. a and b.
d. it can cause the group to split into factions.
c. a and b.
115
In a healthy group, members
a. assume a role and never change it.
b. have no roles.
c. are flexible and can change roles.
d. spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal.
c. are flexible and can change roles.
116
In a group, task roles
a. help solve problems.
b. aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused.
c. are seen as positive.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
117
Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles
a. help to maintain the group.
b. are self-serving.
c. help promote autocratic leadership.
d. always stress the importance of the here and-now.
a. help to maintain the group.
118
Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as
a. they promote democratic leadership.
b. they work against the group.
c. they serve the individual and not the group.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
119
Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since
a. an effective group needs some self-serving roles.
b. if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers.
c. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
120
Group specialists defi ne role conflict as
a. tension between two group members who have assumed different roles.
b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.
c. tension between the group leader and a group member.
d. members criticizing other members between group sessions.
b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.
121
A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of
a. the number of hours of group confl ict.
b. theories of group stages.
c. the Rosenthal Effect.
d. the Hawthorne Effect.
b. theories of group stages.
122
Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen’s paradigm is similar to Yalom’s orientation stage?
a. forming.
b. storming.
c. norming.
d. performing.
a. forming.
123
The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of
a. group tasks.
b. transition.
c. power and control.
d. separation and termination.
d. separation and termination.
124
The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffi liation stage. This stage is characterized by
a. avoidance–avoidance confl icts.
b. a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power.
c. approach–avoidance behavior.
d. members working on the interpretation of unconscious behavior.
c. approach–avoidance behavior.
125
A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in
a. the final stage of separation or termination.
b. the intimacy stage.
c. the group formation/exploratory stage.
d. a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation.
c. the group formation/exploratory stage.
126
Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in
a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.
b. the first stage known as the orientation stage or formation stage.
c. the separation stage.
d. the intimacy stage.
a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.
127
A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in
a. the stage of storming, also known as the power–control stage.
b. the orientation stage.
c. the separation stage.
d. the intimacy stage.
b. the orientation stage.
128
Group planning occurs
a. in the initial stage.
b. in the stage after the transition or conflict stage.
c. in the fi nal stage, also known as the termination stage.
d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.
d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.
129
The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward
a. developing intimacy.
b. working through power and control issues.
c. exploration.
d. breaking away.
d. breaking away.
130
A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called
a. sculpturing.
b. ego state analysis.
c. charting a pictorial sociogram.
d. charting the variance.
c. charting a pictorial sociogram.
131
A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting
a. summarization.
b. clarifi cation.
c. blocking.
d. linking.
a. summarization.
132
A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on
a. summarization.
b. clarification.
c. blocking.
d. liking.
c. blocking.
133
When a leader attempts to relate one person’s predicament to another person’s predicament, it is known as
a. summarization.
b. clarifi cation.
c. blocking.
d. linking.
d. linking.
134
Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as
a. vertical interventions.
b. horizontal interventions.
c. crossed transactions.
d. parallel transactions.
b. horizontal interventions.
135
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as
a. vertical interventions.
b. horizontal interventions.
c. crossed transactions.
d. parallel transactions.
a. vertical interventions.
136
A group therapist must make
a. fewer decisions than an individual therapist.
b. the same number of decisions as an individual therapist.
c. modality changes for each group.
d. more decisions than an individual therapist.
d. more decisions than an individual therapist.
137
When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that
a. group counseling has more research than individual counseling.
b. researchers and practitioners are working very closely to provide accurate and effective group strategies.
c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.
d. no journals focus solely on group work.
c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.
138
Experts predict that in the future
a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.
b. group leaders will become more person centered.
c. group leaders will return to a psychodynamic viewpoint.
d. groups will lose their popularity and eventually die out.
a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.
139
According to researchers, groups are effective
a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.
b. due to increased transference in group work.
c. due to better morale in a group setting.
d. due to the emphasis on cognitive restructuring.
a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.
140
A major limitation related to group work is that
a. REBT cannot be utilized in group therapy.
b. it is not really cost effective.
c. gestalt therapy cannot be used in a group setting.
d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.
d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.
141
A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that
a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions.
b. the leader has a less complex role than that of an individual counselor.
c. the group leader nearly always possesses more training than an individual counselor.
d. all of the above.
a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions.
142
Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work?
a. Group work usually focuses on the here and-now.
b. Group work is always time limited.
c. Group work is always superior for career counseling.
d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.
d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.
143
Which of these factors is not delineated by Yalom as a curative factor?
a. altruism, universality, and existential learning
b. manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind
c. catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope
d. imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences.
b. manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind
144
In terms of research and the group leader’s personality,
a. extroverts are the most effective leaders.
b. introverts are the most effective leaders.
c. qualities such as fl exibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.
d. qualities such as fl exibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have a tremendous positive impact.
c. qualities such as fl exibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.
145
Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to
a. ferret out unconscious material.
b. enhance rational self-talk.
c. illuminate dysfunctional nonverbal behavior.
d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.
d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.
146
A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would
a. hand out a written evaluation form during the final session.
b. hold a follow-up session so members can share experiences.
c. have an outside “observer” sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.
d. give each member a pretest and a posttest utilizing a projective measure.
c. have an outside “observer” sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.
147
A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by
a. involving parents and asking them for input.
b. keeping the parents uninvolved.
c. reminding the children to speak softly at all times
d. b and c.
a. involving parents and asking them for input.
148
When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to
a. jump on the bandwagon and agree with the child.
b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents’ point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying.
c. talk only about positive experiences.
d. immediately put the child on the hot seat.
b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents’ point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying.
149
The study of group operations is often called
a. group desensitization.
b. the hot seat technique.
c. group dynamics.
d. structuring the group.
c. group dynamics.
150
The word dynamic means the group is
a. normal.
b. always changing.
c. static.
d. defined in an operational manner.
b. always changing.
151
Experts fi rmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is
a. setting too many goals.
b. using a male and a female coleader.
c. that the leader uses a democratic style.
d. a lack of goal setting.
d. a lack of goal setting.
152
A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is
a. probably not running an assertiveness training group.
b. is running an unstructured group.
c. is running a structured group.
d. is invariably running a self-help group.
c. is running a structured group.
153
Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because
a. a group cannot not have structure.
b. only structured groups are effective.
c. unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic.
d. unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapy groups.
a. a group cannot not have structure.
154
Some research demonstrates that
a. structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members.
b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.
c. autocratic or authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best.
d. structured exercises are never appropriate.
b. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.
155
In some literature, group cohesiveness, or “we-ness,” is known as
a. group unity.
b. a sociogram.
c. Karpman’s triangle.
d. the transition stage.
a. group unity.
156
Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role?
a. energizer.
b. scapegoat.
c. gatekeeper.
d. reactive schizophrenia.
d. reactive schizophrenia.
157
A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or
a. an energizer.
b. a scapegoat.
c. an interrogator.
d. a follower.
c. an interrogator.
158
The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is
a. aggressive.
b. assertive.
c. practicing excitation.
d. nonassertive.
d. nonassertive.
159
The _______ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group.
a. follower.
b. gatekeeper.
c. social isolate.
d. harmonizer.
b. gatekeeper.
160
Everybody picks on
a. the gatekeeper.
b. the harmonizer, also known as the conciliator.
c. the scapegoat.
d. the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker, and the joker.
c. the scapegoat.
161
A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.
a. gatekeeper.
b. interrogator.
c. scapegoat.
d. storyteller.
a. gatekeeper.
162
Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of “we-ness” between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as
a. it can stunt creativity.
b. it can abet conformity.
c. a and b.
d. it can cause the group to split into factions.
c. a and b.
163
In a healthy group, members
a. assume a role and never change it.
b. have no roles.
c. are flexible and can change roles.
d. spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal.
c. are flexible and can change roles.
164
In a group, task roles
a. help solve problems.
b. aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused.
c. are seen as positive.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
165
Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles
a. help to maintain the group.
b. are self-serving.
c. help promote autocratic leadership.
d. always stress the importance of the here and-now.
a. help to maintain the group.
166
Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as
a. they promote democratic leadership.
b. they work against the group.
c. they serve the individual and not the group.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
167
Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since
a. an effective group needs some self-serving roles.
b. if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers.
c. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
168
Group specialists defi ne role conflict as
a. tension between two group members who have assumed different roles.
b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.
c. tension between the group leader and a group member.
d. members criticizing other members between group sessions.
b. a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.
169
A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of
a. the number of hours of group confl ict.
b. theories of group stages.
c. the Rosenthal Effect.
d. the Hawthorne Effect.
b. theories of group stages.
170
Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen’s paradigm is similar to Yalom’s orientation stage?
a. forming.
b. storming.
c. norming.
d. performing.
a. forming.
171
The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of
a. group tasks.
b. transition.
c. power and control.
d. separation and termination.
d. separation and termination.
172
The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffi liation stage. This stage is characterized by
a. avoidance–avoidance confl icts.
b. a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power.
c. approach–avoidance behavior.
d. members working on the interpretation of unconscious behavior.
c. approach–avoidance behavior.
173
A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in
a. the final stage of separation or termination.
b. the intimacy stage.
c. the group formation/exploratory stage.
d. a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation.
c. the group formation/exploratory stage.
174
Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in
a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.
b. the first stage known as the orientation stage or formation stage.
c. the separation stage.
d. the intimacy stage.
a. the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.
175
A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in
a. the stage of storming, also known as the power–control stage.
b. the orientation stage.
c. the separation stage.
d. the intimacy stage.
b. the orientation stage.
176
Group planning occurs
a. in the initial stage.
b. in the stage after the transition or conflict stage.
c. in the fi nal stage, also known as the termination stage.
d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.
d. before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group.
177
The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward
a. developing intimacy.
b. working through power and control issues.
c. exploration.
d. breaking away.
d. breaking away.
178
A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called
a. sculpturing.
b. ego state analysis.
c. charting a pictorial sociogram.
d. charting the variance.
c. charting a pictorial sociogram.
179
A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting
a. summarization.
b. clarifi cation.
c. blocking.
d. linking.
a. summarization.
180
A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on
a. summarization.
b. clarification.
c. blocking.
d. liking.
c. blocking.
181
When a leader attempts to relate one person’s predicament to another person’s predicament, it is known as
a. summarization.
b. clarifi cation.
c. blocking.
d. linking.
d. linking.
182
Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as
a. vertical interventions.
b. horizontal interventions.
c. crossed transactions.
d. parallel transactions.
b. horizontal interventions.
183
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as
a. vertical interventions.
b. horizontal interventions.
c. crossed transactions.
d. parallel transactions.
a. vertical interventions.
184
A group therapist must make
a. fewer decisions than an individual therapist.
b. the same number of decisions as an individual therapist.
c. modality changes for each group.
d. more decisions than an individual therapist.
d. more decisions than an individual therapist.
185
When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that
a. group counseling has more research than individual counseling.
b. researchers and practitioners are working very closely to provide accurate and effective group strategies.
c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.
d. no journals focus solely on group work.
c. a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work.
186
Experts predict that in the future
a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.
b. group leaders will become more person centered.
c. group leaders will return to a psychodynamic viewpoint.
d. groups will lose their popularity and eventually die out.
a. group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers.
187
According to researchers, groups are effective
a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.
b. due to increased transference in group work.
c. due to better morale in a group setting.
d. due to the emphasis on cognitive restructuring.
a. although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.
188
A major limitation related to group work is that
a. REBT cannot be utilized in group therapy.
b. it is not really cost effective.
c. gestalt therapy cannot be used in a group setting.
d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.
d. a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm.
189
A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that
a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions.
b. the leader has a less complex role than that of an individual counselor.
c. the group leader nearly always possesses more training than an individual counselor.
d. all of the above.
a. members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions.
190
Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work?
a. Group work usually focuses on the here and-now.
b. Group work is always time limited.
c. Group work is always superior for career counseling.
d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.
d. The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life.
191
Which of these factors is not delineated by Yalom as a curative factor?
a. altruism, universality, and existential learning
b. manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind
c. catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope
d. imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences.
b. manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind
192
In terms of research and the group leader’s personality,
a. extroverts are the most effective leaders.
b. introverts are the most effective leaders.
c. qualities such as fl exibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.
d. qualities such as fl exibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have a tremendous positive impact.
c. qualities such as fl exibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.
193
Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to
a. ferret out unconscious material.
b. enhance rational self-talk.
c. illuminate dysfunctional nonverbal behavior.
d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.
d. prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.
194
A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would
a. hand out a written evaluation form during the final session.
b. hold a follow-up session so members can share experiences.
c. have an outside “observer” sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.
d. give each member a pretest and a posttest utilizing a projective measure.
c. have an outside “observer” sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change.
195
A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by
a. involving parents and asking them for input.
b. keeping the parents uninvolved.
c. reminding the children to speak softly at all times
d. b and c.
a. involving parents and asking them for input.
196
When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to
a. jump on the bandwagon and agree with the child.
b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents’ point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying.
c. talk only about positive experiences.
d. immediately put the child on the hot seat.
b. avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents’ point of view via a therapeutic technique such as roleplaying.
