Helping Relationships Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Joseph Wolpe?
A
He developed a paradigm known as “systematic desensitization”
2
Q
What is the most important concept in Freud’s theory?
A
The unconscious mind
3
Q
Define reaction formation.
A
One of Freud’s ego defense mechanisms that occurs when a person can’t accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner.
4
Q
Define id.
A
- Pleasure principle, libido, instincts
- Present at birth and never matures
- Operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the pleasure principle
- Chaotic, has no sense of time
5
Q
Define superego.
A
- Conscience, the ego ideal
- Judges behaviors as right or wrong
- More concerned with the ideal than what is real
- Composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society
6
Q
According to Freud, what leads to the development of the superego?
A
Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex
7
Q
Define catharsis.
A
The “talking cure”, an emotional release linked to a need to release unconscious conflicts
8
Q
What is the false denial of desire for something sought but not acquired? When an individual denigrates and feigns disdain for that which she/he could not attain?
A
Sour grapes rationalization
9
Q
Define manifest content.
A
According to Freud, the surface meaning of a dream
10
Q
How does Freud explain the topographic notion regarding the mind’s depth?
A
The unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious (iceberg analogy)
11
Q
What is Freud’s ego defense mechanism that occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target? The prototype example would be when the man who is furious with his boss but is afraid to show it comes home and kicks the family dog.
A
Displacement
12
Q
Define eros.
A
- Greek god of love
- Self-preservation
13
Q
Define the unconscious mind.
A
According to Freud, it is the part of the mind that is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from an individual.
14
Q
What is the main criticism of Freud?
A
His theories are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
15
Q
What is Freud’s ego defense mechanism that is simply an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings? For example, a student who says, “I’m glad I didn’t get good grades. Only nerds get good grades.” will tend to interpret her thoughts and feelings in a positive or favorable manner. An individual can either underrate a reward (sour grapes) or overrate a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego.
A
Rationalization
16
Q
What is the female equivalent of the Oedipus complex?
A
The Electra complex
17
Q
Define thanatos.
A
- Greek word for death
- Used to describe a death wish (aka. death instinct)
18
Q
According to Freud, what is the part of the mind that includes everything an individual is aware of in the immediate environment?
A
The conscious mind
19
Q
Define latent content.
A
According to Freud, the hidden meaning of a dream
20
Q
Name Freud’s ego defense mechanism similar to repression, except that it is a conscious act. For example, an individual who says, “I refuse to think about it.”
A
Denial
21
Q
Define abreaction.
A
- Another word for catharsis
- The “talking cure”
- Symptom relief as a result of talking about traumatic events in therapy
22
Q
Define compensation.
A
One of Freud’s ego defense mechanisms in which an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (i.e., a perceived inferiority). The person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positive rather than the negative factors.
23
Q
Who created individual psychology?
A
Alfred Adler
24
Q
What supposedly occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and it thus has an impact on your behavior?
A
Subliminal perception
25
According to Freud, what are dreams?
- "Royal road to the unconscious mind"
- Composed of a surface meaning (manifest content) and a hidden meaning (latent content)
26
Define sweet lemon rationalization.
When an individual tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is
27
What is John Broadus Watson credited with?
- Little Albert
- Pioneered American behaviorism
28
Who was credited with creating transactional analysis?
Eric Berne
29
According to Freud, what is incest referred to as?
The taboo
30
Define sublimation.
It is present when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way. For example, a very aggressive person might pursue a career in boxing, wrestling, or football.
31
What is Freud's ego defense mechanism that takes place when a child accepts a parent, caretaker, or significant other's values as her or his own? A sexually abused child might, for example, attempt to sexually abuse other children.
Introjection
32
What three ego states are posited in transitional analysis?
The Child, the Adult, and the Parent
33
Name Freud's ego defense mechanism that occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner.
Reaction formation
34
Define rationalization and describe the two sub-types.
One of Freud's ego defense mechanisms that is simply an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings. For example, a student who says, "I'm glad I didn't get good grades. Only nerds get good grades." will tend to interpret her thoughts and feelings in a positive or favorable manner. An individual can either underrate a reward (sour grapes) or overrate a reward (sweet lemon) to protect the self from a bruised ego.
35
Define resistance from a psychoanalytic and non-psychoanaltyic perspective.
- Psychoanalysis: refers to a client who is reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind
- Non-psychoanalysis: term is used in a looser context to describe clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner
36
Define displacement.
One of Freud's ego defense mechanisms that occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target. The prototype example would be when the man who is furious with his boss but is afraid to show it comes home and kicks the family dog.
37
Define subliminal perception.
It supposedly occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and it thus has an impact on your behavior. The APA has taken the position that this is not effective.
38
Who is the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
39
What is the term when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way? For example, a very aggressive person might pursue a career in boxing, wrestling, or football.
Sublimation
40
Define insight.
- Process of making a client aware of something which was previously unknown
- Increases self-knowledge
- Often described as a novel sudden understanding of a problem
- Equated with the work of gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler
41
What is the most important ego defense mechanism?
Repression, since this can cause problems later on in life. If the repressed memory is brought back into the conscious, it can be dealt with.
42
Who is Wilson Bryan Key?
He wrote books such as "Subliminal Seduction" and "Media Sexploitation" in which he points out how advertisers and others have relied on subliminal perception.
43
Define suppression.
Another name for denial, another of Freud's ego defense mechanisms similar to repression, except that it is a conscious act. For example, an individual who says, "I refuse to think about it."
44
What is Freud's ego defense mechanism in which an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (i.e., a perceived inferiority)?
Compensation
45
Who is A. A. Brilliance?
He is usually associated with the impact that Freudian theory has on career choice
46
What is Freud's term for making clients aware of their unconscious processes?
Interpretation
47
Define parapraxis.
- aka. Freudian slip
- Minor error in action thought to reveal unconscious wishes or attitudes
- the "psychopathology of everyday life"
48
Define transference.
A form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which the client treats the counselor in the same manner as she or he would an authority figure from the past (e.g., a mother, a father, a caretaker, a significant other, etc.)
49
What is Jung credited with creating?
Analytic psychology
50
Define directive counseling.
When the client is asked to discuss certain material (as opposed to free association)
51
Define principled thought.
The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior
52
Define systematic desensitization.
- Type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning
- Used to help overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders
- Weakens (desensitizes) a client's response to an anxiety-producing stimuli
53
Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are all called what?
Ego defense mechanisms
54
What is the term for when an individual tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is?
Sweet lemon rationalization
55
Define the conscious mind.
According to Freud, it is the part of the mind that includes everything an individual is aware of in the immediate environment.
56
What does Freud identify as the taboo?
Incest; according to Freud, even primitive peoples feared incestuous relationships
57
Define free association.
- Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind
- Antithesis of directive approaches
58
What are Freud's three ego states in his structural theory?
The id, the ego, and the superego
59
According to Freud, what is the part of the mind that is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from an individual?
The unconscious mind
60
Describe psychodynamic therapy.
- Makes use of analytic principles (e.g., unconscious mind)
- Relies on fewer sessions per week than classical psychoanalysis
- Therapist and client usually sit face to face (instead of client on couch)
61
Define the parent ego state.
This has been likened to Freud's superego. If a child has nurturing caretakers, he or she is said to develop "nurturing parent" qualities such as being nonjudgmental and sympathetic to others. It may also be filed with prejudicial and critical messages. Persons who fall into this category will tend to be intimidating, bossy, or know-it-alls.
62
What is the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory?
The Oedipus/Electra complex
63
Define projection.
One of Freud's ego defense mechanisms in which an individual attributes unacceptable qualities of her or his own onto others.
64
Who created analytic psychology?
Carl Jung
65
Define denial.
One of Freud's ego defense mechanisms similar to repression, except that it is a conscious act. For example, an individual who says, "I refuse to think about it."
66
Define Oedipus complex.
A child's libido or sex energy that is directed toward the parent of the other sex. The child, nevertheless, realizes that retaliation would result if she or he acted on these impulses. The child thus strives for identification with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction.
67
Who was Rollo May?
A prime mover in the existential counseling movement
68
What do the three ego states in transactional analysis correspond to in Freud's structural theory?
The id, the ego, and the superego
69
Who were Watson and Rayner?
Developers of the Little Albert experiment
70
What are the 9 ego defense mechanisms?
Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement
71
Define identification.
One of Freud's ego defense mechanisms that results when a person with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that she or he will be perceived as successful or worthwhile. Or, doing so to the other person might serve to lower the fear or anxiety towards that person.
72
Who is Daniel Paul Schreber?
- Most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry
- 1903 book "Memoirs of a Mental Patient" after 9 years in mental hospital
- Major delusion = he would be transformed into a woman, become God's mate, and produce a healthier race
- 1911 Freud published "Psychoanalytical Notes upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia" explaining delusion by unconscious struggle w/ homosexuality
73
Define individual psychology.
Developed by Alfred Adler, it stresses the unique qualities each individual possesses. It is keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.
74
According to Freud, what is the purpose of interpretation?
It makes the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
75
Who was Anna O.?
- 1880s first psychoanalytic patient
- Treated by Joseph Breuer (Freud's colleague)
- Suffered from hysteria, symptoms w/o an organic basis
- Through hypnosis, remembered painful events she was unable to recall while awake
- Catharsis (aka. the "talking cure") resulted when talking about these traumatic events led to symptom relief
76
Define SUDS.
- Subjective Units of Distress Scale
- Most counselors use 0 - 100 (100 = most threatening situation)
- Concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization
- Created via process of introspection by rating the anxiety associated w/ a situation
77
Who was Little Hans?
- Patient described in Freud's 1909 paper, "An Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy"
- Hans' fear of going into streets and getting bitten by a horse was explained by the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety
- Often used to contrast behavior therapy (Little Albert) w/ psychoanalysis
78
Who was Joseph Breuer?
A Viennese neurologist who taught Freud the value of the talking cure, which is also termed catharsis
79
Who was Eric Berne?
He is credited with creating transactional analysis.
80
What is another name for denial?
Suppression
81
Define sour grapes rationalization.
The false denial of desire for something sought but not acquired; to denigrate and feign disdain for that which one could not attain
82
Define the preconscious mind.
- A part of the mind that brings ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness w/ minimal difficulty
- Can access information from conscious and unconscious mind
83
Define accurate empathy.
When the counselor can truly understand what the client is feelings or experiencing
84
Describe therapy using classical psychoanalysis.
- Lengthy process (often 3-5 sessions per week for several years)
- Can be expensive
- Couch used to enhance free association process
85
According to Freud, what is an object that represents a family or group?
The totem
86
What is Freud's ego defense mechanism that results when a person with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that she or he will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
Identification
87
What is Adler credited with creating?
Individual psychology
88
What does Freud identify as the totem?
According to Freud, an object that represents a family or group
89
In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg's theory includes three progressive levels culminating in:
A. Principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior
B. Personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas
C. Self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic
D. Androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors
A. Principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior
90
Define introjection.
One of Freud's ego defense mechanisms that takes place when a child accepts a parent, caretaker, or significant other's values as her or his own. A sexually abused child might, for example, attempt to sexually abuse other children.
91
Who wrote books such as "Subliminal Seduction" and "Media Sexploitation" in which he points out how advertisers and others have relied on subliminal perception?
Wilson Bryan Key
92
Describe the Little Albert experiment.
- 1920 Watson and Rayner
- Used classical conditioning to create fear of furry objects in 11-month-old baby named Albert (sound steel bar being struck paired w/ white rat)
- Used to demonstrate that fears are learned and can be unlearned
93
Define psychoanalysis.
Both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory developed by Sigmund Freud
94
What is Freud the father of?
Psychoanalysis
95
Define ego.
- "Executive administrator" of the personality and the reality principle
- Governs or acts as a police officer to control the impulses of the id and superego
- Houses the individual's identity
- Mediator (e.g., fulcrum in a seesaw analogy)
96
A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
A. Variable interval
B. Fixed interval
C. Fixed ratio
D. Variable ratio
D. Variable ratio
97
What is Freud's ego defense mechanism in which an individual attributes unacceptable qualities of her or his own onto others?
Projection
98
What is the primary goal of client-centered therapy?
A. Reduction or elimination of maladaptive patterns of behavior
B. Having a client take full responsibility for her/himself
C. Increasing self-actualization
D. Helping the individual recognize and satisfy needs
C. Increasing self-actualization
99
Define self-actualization.
Used by Carl Rogers, it is increased by eliminating incongruence between the self and experience. The individual then becomes more fully functioning. Rogers provided an atmosphere that facilitated self-actualization by using empathy, positive regard, and congruence.
100
What is the primary goal of behavioralists?
The reduction or elimination of maladaptive patterns of behavior
101
What is the primary goal of Gestalt therapists?
Having the client take full responsibility for her/himself
102
What is the primary goal of reality therapy?
Help clients recognize and appropriately satisfy their needs
103
Who developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
104
What type of therapy did Carl Rogers develop?
Client-centered therapy
105
Research on the development of a person in a so-called "humanistic life outlook" has shown that it is facilitated by:
A. Formal educational experiences
B. Observational learning experiences
C. Diverse interpersonal interactions
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
106
When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:
A. Dissociation
B. Acculturation
C. Cognitive dissonance
D. Individuation
C. Cognitive dissonance
107
"Men (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by:
A. Carkhuff
B. Freud
C. Rogers
D. Ellis
D. Ellis
108
The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client's emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as:
A. Paradoxical intention
B. Reconfiguration
C. Confrontation
D. Systematic desensitization
A. Paradoxical intention
109
The notion of "figure-ground" is associated with which school of therapy?
A. Gestalt
B. Adlerian
C. Freudian
D. Cognitive
A. Gestalt
110
Define the notion of figure-ground.
How a person (figure) is aware of her/himself in relation to the surrounding situation (ground)
111
The main purpose of reflection is to:
A. Build understanding
B. Confront
C. Give support
D. Interpret
A. Build understanding
112
Define and describe reflection.
- Used to clarify and show a client what her/his here-and-now feelings are
- Encourages client to continue expressing her/himself
- Helps the client understand her/his feelings
- Conveys that the counselor understood the client's feelings
- Useful in building rapport and trust
113
What does "gestalt" mean?
It refers to a "whole"
114
Define organismic self-regulation and the theory that it comes from.
It is the achievement of balance in Gestalt theory
115
Name three things that are believed to cause maladaptive behavior according to Gestalt theory.
Introjection, retroflection, and confluence
116
A Gestalt therapist views which of the following as a key factor in healthy human human growth:
A. The presence of adequate role models
B. Introjection, retroflection, and confluence
C. The drive to maintain homeostasis
D. Striving for superiority
C. The drive to maintain homeostasis
117
The notions that there are three major life tasks (friendship, occupation, and love) is most consistent with the philosophy of:
A. Perls
B. Berne
C. Rogers
D. Adler
D. Adler
118
What is the main goal in an individual's life according to Adler?
Act in ways that fulfill social responsibilities
119
What is the primary motivation for an individual according to Adler?
An innate social interest
120
In vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding) and implosive therpay are both based on:
A. Mediated generalization
B. Graded desensitization
C. Counterconditioning
D. Classical extinction
D. Classical extinction
121
Define mediated generalization.
Teaching an individual to respond to similar stimuli with the same conditioned response
122
Define graded desensitization.
Gradual exposure to the feared stimulus
123
Define counterconditioning.
Presenting an unconditioned stimulus that is incompatible with the conditioned stimulus so that the current response (e.g., anxiety) is eventually replaced by the desired response (e.g., relaxation).
124
An inflexible family structure is to structural family therapy as _____ are to strategic family therapy.
A. Dysfunctional communication patterns
B. Multigenerational transmission processes
C. Learned maladaptive interactions and behaviors
D. Fixed and repetitive interactional sequences used to control relationships
D. Fixed and repetitive interactional sequences used to control relationships
125
Describe how structural family therapy views family dysfunction.
According to structural family therapy, family dysfucntion results from an inflexible family structure which prohibits the liy from adapting to maturational and situational changes.
126
Describe how strategic family therapy views family dysfunction.
According to strategic family therapy, family dysfunction results from using communication in a maladaptive manner (to increase one's control in a relationship).
127
A person who argues that "all psychopathology has a similar set of underlying dysfunctional cognitions" is most likely sympathetic with the views of:
A. Beck
B. Ellis
C. Glasser
D. Meichenbaum
B. Ellis
128
What is an important distinction between Beck and Ellis?
Beck views each mental disorder as being characterized by a unique set of faulty cognitions, while Ellis assumes that all disorders are derived from the same set of irrational thoughts
129
Who is the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
130
Who is the father of individual psychology
Alfred Adler
131
Who founded analytic psychology?
Carl Jung
132
Who founded Transactional Analysis?
Eric Berne
133
What are the 3 ego stages of Transactional Analysis?
Child, Adult, and Parent
134
What are Freud's 3 ego stages?
id, ego, and superego
135
In Transactional Analysis, the _______ is the conscience state concerned with moral behavior.
Parent ego state
136
In Freudian theory, the _______ is the conscience state concerned with moral behavior.
Superego
137
In Transactional Analysis an individual plagued with the ________ describes an individual whose caretaker left or died at an early age.
incomplete parent
138
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
## Footnote
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identifi cation with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
d. transference.
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
139
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido.
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
140
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
c. Thanatos.
141
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle.
d. pleasure principle.
142
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID.
b. ego.
143
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, rather than _______ like the id.
a. perfection; pleasure.
b. pleasure; perfection.
c. morals; ethics.
d. logic; reality.
a. perfection; pleasure.
144
A therapist who says to a patient, “Say whatever comes to mind,” is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. TA.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association.
d. free association.
145
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
d. Wolpe.
146
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most infl uential work. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.
a. manifest and latent content.
147
When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a signifi cant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance.
c. transference.
148
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber.
b. Little Albert.
149
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ was a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism. In 1920, John Watson and his graduate student, who later became his wife, Rosalie Rayner conditioned an 11-month-old child to be afraid of furry objects. First the child was exposed to a white rat. Initially the child was not afraid of the rat: however, Watson and Rayner would strike a steel bar, which created a loud noise whenever the child would get near the animal. This created a conditioned (i.e., learned) fear in the child.
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber.
b. Little Albert.
150
Which of the below was “An Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Child,” in which this child’s fear of going into the streets and perhaps even having a horse bite him were explained using psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety.
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber.
a. Little Hans.
151
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
152
Talking about diffi culties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurate empathy.
d. refl ection of emotional content.
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
153
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent.
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection.
c. ego ideal.
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
154
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams.
b. the Oedipus complex.
155
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except
a. hypnosis.
b. slips of the tongue and humor.
c. dreams.
d. subjective units of distress scale.
d. subjective units of distress scale.
156
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
a. preconscious mind.
157
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
158
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation
c. denial.
d. sublimation
a. repression.
159
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
160
An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
c. sublimation.
161
An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.
d. none of the above.
162
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identifi cation.
d a Type II error.
a. displacement.
163
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, and he says "straight A students are eggheads anyway.” This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
164
A master’s level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
165
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is infl uenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority.
a. denial.
166
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
a. Repression.
b. Sour grapes rationalization.
c. Projection.
d. Denial.
c. Projection.
167
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
a. reaction formation.
168
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
b. compensation.
169
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification.
d. identification.
170
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
a. introjection.
171
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fi ght against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation.
a. resistance.
172
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
173
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
174
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
175
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight.
d. insight.
176
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.
a. Eros; Thanatos.
b. Logos; Eros.
c. reality; pleasure.
d. transference; countertransference.
b. Logos; Eros.
177
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
a. mandalas.
178
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung.
b. Adler.
c. Constructivist therapists.
d. Freud and Jung.
b. Adler.
179
The statement, “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction” describes
a. Sigmund Freud’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
180
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
b. social factors.
181
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
182
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
183
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
184
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
b. social connectedness.
185
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10 to 20 minutes before the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking.
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
186
Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang
c. anima; animus
187
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
d. archetypes.
188
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
189
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization.
b. confrontation.
190
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using the logic set forth in gestalt therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
191
An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
192
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Freud.
c. Piaget.
d. Skinner.
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
193
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference.
c. countertransference.
194
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus.
c. Adler.
195
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
c. Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.
b. an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
196
Existentialism is to logotherapy as _______ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates
b. associationism
197
\_\_\_\_\_\_ asserts that ideas are held together by associations.
Associationism?
198
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
b. Adler’s concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic.
d. symptom substitution.
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
199
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E. G. Williamson.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. Frankl.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
200
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. conditioned.
c. unconditioned.
d. acquisition period.
c. unconditioned.
201
All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers
behavior.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
202
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight.
a. instrumental learning.
203
Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment.
a. reflexes.
204
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversiv (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
205
Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
206
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the meat was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCS
d. UCS; CR
a. CS; UCS
207
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
a. is irrelevant—it does not infl uence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or ½ of a second.
d. is .5 or ½ of a second.
208
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (i.e., the meat) before the CS (i.e., the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimental neurosis.
d. no conditioning.
d. no conditioning.
209
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulus discrimination.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
210
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see question 272) to his horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination.
d. stimulus discrimination.
211
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment.
a. experimental neurosis set in.
212
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negative reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
213
John B. Watson’s name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c.
c. Little Albert.
214
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement,
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction.
d. extinction.
215
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while behavior therapy emphasizes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c
d. a and c
216
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. counterconditioning.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
217
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
a. E. Thorndike.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. Neal Miller.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
c. Neal Miller.
218
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model was correct.
c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct.
d. none of the above.
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
219
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
a. cure.
b. Skinner.
c. Piaget.
d. NLP.
a. cure.
220
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
a. panic disorder with agoraphobia.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. an adjustment reaction.
d. stimulus discrimination.
b. stimulus generalization.
221
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on
a. Pavlov’s dogs.
b. Mary Cover Jones.
c. John B. Watson.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
222
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means
a. she is nondirective.
b. she is very directive.
c. a treatment model.
d. she is not a depth psychologist.
c. a treatment model.
223
A man says, “My life has been lousy for the past six months.” The counselor replies, “Can you tell me specifi cally what has made life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is
a. using interpretation.
b. using summarization.
c. using concreteness.
d. using a depth psychology paradigm.
c. using concreteness.
224
225
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using
a. concreteness.
b. a directive.
c. interpretation.
d. parroting.
b. a directive.
226
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a biofeedback device.
a. A bathroom scale
b. A DVD player
c. A digital clock
d. An analyst’s couch
a. A bathroom scale
227
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he fi nishes his homework. This is an example of
a. punishment.
b. biofeedback.
c. a Pavlovian strategy.
d. positive reinforcement.
d. positive reinforcement.
228
Genuineness, or congruence, is really
a. identical to concreteness.
b. selective empathy.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
d. an archaic Freudian notion.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
229
Empathy is
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client.
b. behavioristic.
c. a and b.
d. the same as sympathy.
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client.
230
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and when something is taken away it is called a \_\_\_\_\_.
a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
c. extinction; shaping
d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
231
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov’s, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called
a. extinction.
b. token reinforcement.
c. biofeedback.
d. higher order conditioning.
d. higher order conditioning.
232
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize
a. a temperature trainer.
b. EMG feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback.
a. a temperature trainer.
233
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on
a. the Jacobson relaxation method.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EMG feedback.
d. a simple yet effective mood ring.
c. EMG feedback.
234
According to the Premack principle, an effi cient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higherprobability behavior.
b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower probability behavior.
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective.
d. none of the above.
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higherprobability behavior.
235
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
a. EMG feedback.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
236
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as
a. an intermittent schedule.
b. an extinction schedule.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. thinning.
c. continuous reinforcement.
237
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, based on the number of responses and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, based on the time elapsed.
a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous
a. ratio; interval
238
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes.
b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid (e.g., one time per month, although the amount of work may vary from month to month).
c. variable interval.
d. variable ratio.
d. variable ratio.
239
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
a. standard units of dysfunction.
b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction.
c. subjective units of distress scale.
d. standard units of dysfunction scale.
c. subjective units of distress scale.
240
241
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
a. a primary reinforcer.
b. covert processing.
c. secondary reinforcement.
d. SUDS.
c. secondary reinforcement.
242
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
c. an average stimulus.
d. a conditioned reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
243
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
a. systematic desensitization.
b. biofeedback.
c. back-up reinforcement.
d. aversive conditioning.
d. aversive conditioning.
## Footnote
244
One distinction between fl ooding (also known as “deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
b. fl ooding is always conducted in the imagination.
c. fl ooding is always safer.
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous.
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
245
A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization. The fi rst step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
b. imagining that she is boarding the plane.
c. imagining a fl ight in an airplane.
d. an actual fl ight in an airplane.
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
246
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
a. behavioral rehearsal.
b. in vivo sensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
247
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as
a. conscious rehearsal.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
c. fixed role therapy.
d. a and b.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
248
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is behavioral sex therapy.
a. classical vegotherapy
b. orgone box therapy
c. conditioned refl ex therapy
d. sensate focus
d. sensate focus
249
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
a. behavioral rehearsal.
b. in vivo sensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
250
251
One distinction between fl ooding (also known as “deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination.
c. flooding is always safer.
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous.
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
