Social & Cultural Foundations

Question 1

All of the following are true about counseling with gay clients except:
A. Referral to community resources is often important
B. Therapy should focus on the clients’ experiences with social oppression
C. Minority gay clients tend to be more concerned about racial issues than issues related to their homosexuality
D. The issue of counselor-client similarity may be particularly important

Answer 1

B. Therapy should focus on the clients’ experiences with social oppression

Question 2

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

a. cross-cultural counseling.
b. multicultural counseling.
c. intercultural counseling.
d. all of the above.

Answer 2

d. all of the above.

Question 3

Culture refers to

a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups.
b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group.
c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group.
d. all of the above.

Answer 3

d. all of the above.

Question 4

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

a. is culturally biased.
b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity.
c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.
d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.

Answer 4

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.

Question 5

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
b. the counselor will find the DSM useless.
c. the counselor will find the ICD diagnosis useless.
d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis when counseling clients from another culture.

Answer 5

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

Question 6

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

a. a separate race.
b. a separate culture.
c. the silent middle class.
d. a separate national culture.

Answer 6

b. a separate culture.

Question 7

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

a. Freud
b. Durkheim
c. McDougall
d. Berne

Answer 7

d. Berne

Question 8

_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

a. Maslow; Rogers
b. Ellis; Harper
c. Freud; Lorenz
d. Glasser; Rogers

Answer 8

c. Freud; Lorenz

Question 9

_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

a. Instinct theorists
b. Innate aggression theorists
c. Social learning theorists
d. Followers of Erik Erikson

Answer 9

c. Social learning theorists

Question 10

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area.
c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients.
d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.

Answer 10

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

Question 11

Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He

a. is the Father of Multicultural Counseling.
b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life in 1997.
c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40–45 and for women approximately five years earlier.
d. b and c.

Answer 11

d. b and c.

Question 12

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength.
b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.
c. culture, race, assertiveness.
d. ego strength, anxiety, race.

Answer 12

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

Question 13

The term contextualism implies that

a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.
b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.
d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.

Answer 13

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

Question 14

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.
b. as she felt it was too behavioristic.
c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.
d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Answer 14

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Question 15

_______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.

a. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism)
b. The civil rights movement
c. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious
d. The Tarasoff Duty

Answer 15

b. The civil rights movement

Question 16

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

a. the prognosis.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the intervention.
d. attending behavior.

Answer 16

a. the prognosis.

Question 17

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

a. recommendations.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the prognosis.
d. the notion of transference.

Answer 17

a. recommendations.

Question 18

Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with

a. passivity.
b. nonassertive behavior.
c. a and b.
d. aggression.

Answer 18

d. aggression.

Question 19

A wealth of research demonstrates that

a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian counselors.
b. surprisingly enough, Asians generally request African-American counselors.
c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture.

Answer 19

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

Question 20

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

a. Albert Ellis.
b. Robert Havighurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept.
c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).
d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Answer 20

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Question 21

A popular balance theory in social psychology is _______ cognitive dissonance theory.

a. Dollard and Miller’s
b. Crites and Roe’s
c. Festinger’s
d. Holland and Super’s

Answer 21

c. Festinger’s

Question 22

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another.
b. culture excludes customs.
c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.
d. culture is never socially learned.

Answer 22

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

Question 23

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

a. describes how people are supposed to act.
b. has little to do with expectations.
c. is irrelevant when counseling a client.
d. all of the above.

Answer 23

a. describes how people are supposed to act.

Question 24

Mores are beliefs

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling.
c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power.
d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.

Answer 24

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

Question 25

_______ was the fi rst pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues. a. Mark Savickas—a major fi gure in career counseling b. Alfred Adler—the Father of Individual Psychology c. Maxie Maultsby—the Father of Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT) d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation

Answer 25

d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation

Question 26

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be a. universal culture. b. national culture. c. ecological culture. d. b and c.

Answer 26

d. b and c.

Question 27

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by a. ecological culture. b. mores. c. regional and national culture. d. universal culture.

Answer 27

d. universal culture.

Question 28

Early vocalization in infants a. is more complex in African-American babies. b. is more complex in Caucasian babies. c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe. d. is the fi nest indicator of elementary school performance.

Answer 28

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

Question 29

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated a. socioeconomic trends. b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups. c. disadvantaged youth. d. language barriers between Blacks and Asians.

Answer 29

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

Question 30

According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home a. should conduct the interview from the porch. b. should double-bind the client. c. should ask to come in the home. d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home.

Answer 30

c. should ask to come in the home.

Question 31

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by a. national culture. b. human culture. c. regional culture. d. ecological culture.

Answer 31

a. national culture.

Question 32

Whereas a culture is defi ned primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society a. is defi ned as a set of mores. b. has a distinct lack of norms. c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. d. none of the above.

Answer 32

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

Question 33

Ethnocentrism a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. b. means race. c. is a genetic term. d. all of the above.

Answer 33

a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

Question 34

All of these statements are ethnocentric except a. you can’t trust anyone over the age of 40. b. Americans are generous. c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfi sh. d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceedsthe figure in Mexico.

Answer 34

d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceedsthe figure in Mexico.

Question 35

Ethnocentrism a. is not universal. b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty. c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age. d. b and c.

Answer 35

d. b and c.

Question 36

Regardless of culture, the popular individual a. has good social skills. b. values race over ethnicity. c. dresses in the latest styles. d. never possesses a modal personality.

Answer 36

a. has good social skills.

Question 37

Social exchange theory postulates that a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive. b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs. c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other. d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong.

Answer 37

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

Question 38

Balance theory postulates a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency. b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency. c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state. d. b and c.

Answer 38

d. b and c.

Question 39

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive a. are nonassertive. b. are aggressive. c. have other positive traits. d. are socially adept but not very intelligent.

Answer 39

c. have other positive traits.

Question 40

A counselor who works primarily with a geriatric population needs to be aware that a. African-American counselees make the best clients. b. Native Americans do not believe in cognitive interventions. c. surprisingly enough, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment. d. surprisingly enough, fi nancial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

Answer 40

d. surprisingly enough, fi nancial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

Question 41

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues. b. must be done within a cultural context. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

Answer 41

b. must be done within a cultural context.

Question 42

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture. a. less b. more c. the same d. more realistic

Answer 42

a. less

Question 43

In terms of diagnosis, a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another. b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14 c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females. d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males.

Answer 43

a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

Question 44

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy. a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world. b. This is true for LPCs but not true for MSW therapists. c. This is true for LPCs and MSWs but not clinical psychologists. d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Answer 44

d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Question 45

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely a. feel intense guilt. b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior. c. harbor severe hatred regarding his mother. d. harbor severe hatred regarding his father.

Answer 45

b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.

Question 46

A woman who is being robbed a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders. b. would fi nd that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases. c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her. d. none of the above.

Answer 46

b. would fi nd that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.

Question 47

A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam.” This a. is displacement. b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension. d. is projection.

Answer 47

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

Question 48

The statement, “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,” a. is displacement. b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. c. is projection. d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.

Answer 48

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

Question 49

In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $20,000 platinum model. b. he or she might sell the $20,000 watch immediately following the purchase. c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models. d. a and c.

Answer 49

d. a and c.

Question 50

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who a. will give them “a good talking to.” b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice. c. helps them work it out on their own. d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.

Answer 50

c. helps them work it out on their own.

Question 51

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures, a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner. b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice. c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate. d. all of the above.

Answer 51

d. all of the above.

Question 52

``` Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with a. attraction. b. cognition and attitude formation. c. cognitions and emotion. d. none of the above. ```

Answer 52

b. cognition and attitude formation.

Question 53

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce a. less aggressive children. b. more aggressive children. c. passive-aggressive children. d. passive-dependent children.

Answer 53

a. less aggressive children.

Question 54

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling. b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling. c. a and b. d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

Answer 54

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

Question 55

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means a. nothing—it is not a valid term. b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident. c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts. d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.

Answer 55

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.

Question 56

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender: a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance. b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure. c. paradoxing the client. d. analyzing fl ight-to-health variables.

Answer 56

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.

Question 57

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender, a. it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture. b. lower-class people often don’t trust others from a higher social class. c. lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class. d. all of the above.

Answer 57

d. all of the above.

Question 58

A(n) _______ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor. a. middle-class Caucasian female b. upper-class African-American female c. lower-class African-American male d. upper-class Caucasian male

Answer 58

c. lower-class African-American male

Question 59

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error). b. standardization. c. similar to his or her own. d. paraphrasing.

Answer 59

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Question 60

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference a. is interpreted as positive transference. b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance. c. is interpreted as White privilege. d. none of the above.

Answer 60

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

Question 61

Counselors who have good listening skills a. facilitate therapeutic surrender. b. hinder therapeutic surrender. c. often have a monolithic perspective. d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.

Answer 61

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.

Question 62

Counselors can more easily advise a. clients from their own culture. b. clients from a different culture. c. clients of a different race. d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.

Answer 62

a. clients from their own culture.

Question 63

To empathize is easiest with a. a client who is similar to you. b. a client who is dissimilar to you. c. lower-class Hispanic clients. d. upper-class Asian-American male clients.

Answer 63

a. a client who is similar to you.

Question 64

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective a. when structured exercises are utilized. b. when a counselor takes an active–directive stance. c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized. d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

Answer 64

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

Question 65

A client from another culture will a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer. b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor. d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy.

Answer 65

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

Question 66

An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are “bad” though she literally means something is good. The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a a. client of color error. b. cognitive dissonance error. c. connotative error. d. confounding variable.

Answer 66

c. connotative error.

Question 67

A monolingual U.S. counselor a. speaks only English. b. speaks English and Spanish. c. works as a counseling interpreter. d. fi ts the defi nition of bilingual.

Answer 67

a. speaks only English.

Question 68

_______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling. a. Frankl’s experience in a concentration camp. b. Perl’s use of the German concept of Gestalt. c. Freud’s visits to the United States. d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.

Answer 68

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.

Question 69

Multicultural counseling promotes a. eclecticism. b. rigidity. c. psychodynamic models. d. neurolinguistic programming.

Answer 69

a. eclecticism.

Question 70

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation. b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture. c. is associated with Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT). d. is a “culture specifi c” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

Answer 70

d. is a “culture specifi c” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

Question 71

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, “You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else,” is espousing the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 71

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

Question 72

The statement, “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different,” is based on the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 72

c. etic viewpoint.

Question 73

A counselor is confronted with his or her fi rst Native-American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians or Indian Americans on exams) are descendents of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native-American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and that there are nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 73

a. emic viewpoint.

Question 74

An Asian counselor says to an African American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the _______ viewpoint for coping with the environment. a. emic viewpoint b. alloplastic viewpoint c. etic viewpoint d. autoplastic viewpoint

Answer 74

b. alloplastic viewpoint

Question 75

A young Hispanic male is obviously the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested a. an alloplastic method of coping. b. an autoplastic method of coping. c. the emic–etic distinction. d. the emic viewpoint.

Answer 75

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

Question 76

African-American ghetto clients are generally a. very open and honest with their feelings. b. the most amenable group in regard to psychotherapeutic intervention. c. a and b. d. not very open with their feelings.

Answer 76

d. not very open with their feelings.

Question 77

Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to a. anger. b. hate. c. uncertainty. d. admiration.

Answer 77

c. uncertainty.

Question 78

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. b. the counselor must adjust to the client’s cultural mores. c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective. d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands.

Answer 78

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.

Question 79

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply a. too Rogerian. b. attacking the system. c. too Freudian. d. too cognitive.

Answer 79

b. attacking the system.

Question 80

Good multicultural counselors are a. flexible. b. rigid. c. utilize Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl’s Gestalt therapy and/or William Glasser’s reality therapy in nearly every case. d. generally behavioristic.

Answer 80

a. flexible.

Question 81

A client remarks, “Hey, I’m Black and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that a. race is not the same as ethnicity. b. African Americans struggle when expressing feelings. c. a connotative impediment exists. d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

Answer 81

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

Question 82

Experts in the fi eld of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program. b. must come from a CACREP-approved graduate program. c. should be broad and interdisciplinary. d. need not include REBT.

Answer 82

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Question 83

Doing cross-cultural counseling a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences. b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics. c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the fi rst session. d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.

Answer 83

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

Question 84

F. H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will a. perform better if he or she is alone. b. perform better if he or she is part of a group. c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy. d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.

Answer 84

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Question 85

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that a. sleep learning facilitates social skills. b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message. d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

Answer 85

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Question 86

In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America. a. Moreno and Yalom b. Holland and Roe c. Barber and Salter d. McDougall and Ross

Answer 86

d. McDougall and Ross

Question 87

_______ is associated with obedience and authority. a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist, b. Arthur Janov, who created Primal Scream therapy, c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer, d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement,

Answer 87

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

Question 88

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as a. a peer. b. an equal. c. an individual from another culture. d. an authority figure.

Answer 88

d. an authority figure.

Question 89

The tendency to affi liate with others a. is highest in the middle child. b. is highest in dysthymics. c. is highest in fi rstborns and only children, d. is based on hormonal output.

Answer 89

c. is highest in fi rstborns and only children,

Question 90

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an a. approach–avoidance conflict. b. approach–approach conflict. c. avoidance–avoidance conflict. d. avoidance vector

Answer 90

b. approach–approach conflict.

Question 91

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an a. approach–approach conflict. b. approach vector. c. avoidance–avoidance conflict. d. avoidance cohesiveness.

Answer 91

c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.

Question 92

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an a. approach–avoidance conflict. b. avoidance–avoidance conflict. c. avoidance of life space. d. approach affi liation.

Answer 92

a. approach–avoidance conflict.

Question 93

According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if a. the client likes the counselor. b. the client dislikes the counselor. c. the client distrusts the counselor. d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.

Answer 93

a. the client likes the counselor.

Question 94

An adept multicultural counselor a. generally believes in the melting pot concept. b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview. c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development. d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Answer 94

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Question 95

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys’ summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that a. most people cooperate in a social setting. b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives. c. a and b. d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Answer 95

d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Question 96

Sex role stereotyping would imply that a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client. b. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a male client’s. c. female clients are treated the same as male clients. d. choices a and b.

Answer 96

d. choices a and b.

Question 97

The statement, “Whites are better than Blacks,” illustrates a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S. b. racism. c. sexism. d. codependency.

Answer 97

b. racism.

Question 98

In terms of research related to affiliation a. misery loves miserable company. b. fi rstborns are more likely to affi liate than other children born later. c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear. d. all of the above.

Answer 98

d. all of the above.

Question 99

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, fi ve members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that a. he totally disagreed with their assessment. b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful. c. he really wasn’t certain how he felt about the activity. d. a and c.

Answer 99

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

Question 100

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator. b. 49-year-old Caucasian homeless male. c. 40-year-old divorced Caucasian female who is out of work and has three children. d. 19- year-old Hispanic mother on welfare with two children.

Answer 100

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator. 151 137 #200

Question 101

According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if a. the client likes the counselor. b. the client dislikes the counselor. c. the client distrusts the counselor. d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.

Answer 101

a. the client likes the counselor.

Question 102

An adept multicultural counselor a. generally believes in the melting pot concept. b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview. c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development. d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Answer 102

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Question 103

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys’ summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that a. most people cooperate in a social setting. b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives. c. a and b. d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Answer 103

d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Question 104

Sex role stereotyping would imply that a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client. b. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a male client’s. c. female clients are treated the same as male clients. d. choices a and b.

Answer 104

d. choices a and b.

Question 105

The statement, “Whites are better than Blacks,” illustrates a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S. b. racism. c. sexism. d. codependency.

Answer 105

b. racism.

Question 106

In terms of research related to affiliation a. misery loves miserable company. b. fi rstborns are more likely to affi liate than other children born later. c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear. d. all of the above.

Answer 106

d. all of the above.

Question 107

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, fi ve members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that a. he totally disagreed with their assessment. b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful. c. he really wasn’t certain how he felt about the activity. d. a and c.

Answer 107

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

Question 108

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator. b. 49-year-old Caucasian homeless male. c. 40-year-old divorced Caucasian female who is out of work and has three children. d. 19- year-old Hispanic mother on welfare with two children.

Answer 108

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.

Question 109

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying a. severe negative transference. b. positive transference. c. normal behavior within the context of her culture. d. ambivalent transference.

Answer 109

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.

Question 110

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying a. severe negative transference. b. positive transference. c. normal behavior within the context of her culture. d. ambivalent transference.

Answer 110

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.