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Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What does Bartov believe?

A

Many army generals shared Hitler’s ideology

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2
Q

What military terms of ToV did Hitler break?

A

He reintroduced conscription, and created a rearmament program

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3
Q

Why were some of the army content with the regime?

A

LW leaders would have dissolved it
Hitler helped Germany expand- eg Sudetenten land 1938, Austria 1938
SA destroyed in 1934

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4
Q

Why did some of the army feel it was their duty to protect Hitler?

A

They made an oath to Hitler by name August 1934

Soldiers served a country rather than a political party, not politicised

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5
Q

What effects did NOLK have on the army?

A

NOLK caused some unease- Von Schliecher had been a general. Hans Ostler was one of them who changed him mind after NOLK
Many impressed by Hitler’s efficiently and were happy the SA were destroyed

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6
Q

What did the SS do to the army?

A

Fear over the growth of the SS
1933- 50,000
1939- 250,000

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7
Q

What did the army class change to in Nazi Germany?

A

Before- 70-80% aristocracy

During- 35%

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8
Q

Why did Blomberg, Beck and Fritsch becoming alienated by the regime?

A

Alarmed that Hitler’s foreign policy would lead to a premature war with the West which Germany would lose

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9
Q

What did Collier and Pedly believe?

A

The army, of all the institutions in the state, had the knowledge and means to Destroy the regime, but simply lacked the resolve to attempt this

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10
Q

Who was General Beck?

A

The army’s chief of staff, when told about Hitler’s plans to invade Czechoslovakia, he opposed the idea and tried to get all the chief’s of staff to resign- none other than him did.
Organised a protest march on Berlin but called it off after Hitler took Sudetenland

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11
Q

What was the army purge in 1938?

A

Both Blomberg and Fritsche were seen to be very hesitant in obeying Hitler’s orders so in 1938, Hitler removed Blomberg ( for having an ex-prostitute wife) and Fritsch (forced too stand down after allegations involving a rent boy)
12 other generals were removed from their post at the start of February

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12
Q

Who was General Hans Ostler?

A

An army general, became alienated after NOLK
In 1938 passed on intelligence to Britain and France about Hitler’s plans to invade Czechoslovakia in the belief they would declare war

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13
Q

What was the Czech crisis?

A

1938- over Hitler’s plans to invade CS
Army generals, including Ostler drew up plans for a coup in the instance that Hitler committed an overt step towards war
Intelligence passed on to Britain
Fell apart- some soldiers worried about their oath to Hitler and allies gave Sudetenland to Germany without a war

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14
Q

What was the dutch war scare?

A

Canaris ensured fake intelligence reached MI6 that detailed Germany’s plans to invade Holland, so that they could bomb Britain
Was hoped that Britain would become more alert to Hitlers activities- successful as Chamberlin sent a large British force to France in 1939.

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15
Q

Why might the Dutch war scare not be classed as resistance?

A

Canaris only wanted to stop a war, not overthrow Hitler

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16
Q

Why was army resistance not successful?

A 
Oath to Hitler
Britain and France did not declare war
Army purge
Officer class had been changed
Beck resigned 
Army was content- ToV
Hitler was successfully expanding Germany
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17
Q

What did Fullbrook believe?

A

At first the army shared common aims with the Nazis- only began to break down when the regime became more radical in the late 1930s

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18
Q

What did Housden believe?

A

Most significant resistance came from the establishment sections of German society, eg the army corps

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19
Q

What resistance did the SPD take part in?

A

Voted against the enabling act
Leadership went into exile after they were forced to disband
Established a socialist action newspaper- leaders arrested in 1935

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20
Q

What action did the SPD take in 1938?

A

The exiled leadership decided resistance campaign activities were too dangerous, encouraged information gathering and whispering campaigns instead

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21
Q

Who was George Elser?

A

A socialist who attempted to blow up Hitler in 1939

Did not kill Hitler, who left early but killed 8 others

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22
Q

What happened to Ernst Thalman?

A

Leader of KPD, arrested in March 1933 and spent 11 years in solitary confinement

23
Q

What resistance did the KDP take part in?

A

1 million leaflets distributed 33-35
By 1939 there were cells in at least 89 Berlin factories
10% of KDP members active in underground resistance activities 1933-35

24
Q

How many communists did the Gestapo believe were active 1935?

A

5000

25
Q

How many communists were detained and executed in 1933-39?

A

Detained- 150,000

Executed- 30,000

26
Q

What was the ‘red flag’ newspaper?

A

Organised KDP newspaper distributed illegally

27
Q

What was the potential for resistance from the LW?

A

In 1933
5 million voted for SPD
1 million were members of SPD
360,000 KDP members

28
Q

What were some of the resistance acts carried out by industrial workers?

A

Absenteeism, industrial sabotage, strikes by motorway workers, protests in 1935 over food price

29
Q

What happened at some Northern shipyards?

A

In March 1936, 5000 workers walked out whilst Hitler’s speech was playing
In another 6000 openly heckled

30
Q

What made resistance hard from the left?

A 
Concentration camps 
Gestapo
Lack of leadership
SPD encouraged not to resist
Political parties banned
All active members being resisted 
Workers being won over
31
Q

What does Evans believe about LW resistance?

A

By the end of 1934 the gestapo had successfully destroyed the organised resistance of the communist party

32
Q

What did McDonough believe about LW resistance?

A

The 3 largest groups taking part in resistance were the social democrats, the communists and the industrial workers

33
Q

What does Every believe about LW resistance?

A

Workforce position was subdued and fragmentary

34
Q

What does Hillgruber believe about general resistance?

A

Germany was an occupied country in which more or less all Germans tried to resist the Nazis

35
Q

What does Namier believe about general resistance?

A

Remarkably little resistance

36
Q

What does Fest believe about general resistance?

A

Resistance was persistence but lacked the support of most ordinary Germans

37
Q

What was the emergency league of pastors?

A

The emergency league of pastors was set up to resist Nazis changing their religion.
In 1934 the Covenant counted 7000 members, after 1935 the number sank to 5000

38
Q

What did Barnett believe about the churches?

A

They had no room for self sacrifice or heroism

39
Q

Who were the leaders of the confessing church?

A

Martin Niemöller was outspoken against the Nazis and detained at Dachau
Bonhöeffer was also a leader, he taught trainee pastors to resist Nazism and tried to get the confessional church to condemn the Nuremberg laws, however didn’t work. Sent to Flossenburg

40
Q

What was the confessing church?

A

Groups broke away from the protestant church in 1934, in protest of state interference. It was the general term for these groups.

41
Q

What Bishop spoke out against Nazi policy?

A

Galen spoke out in sermons against Nazi policy, including euthanasia. Was too popular to punished

42
Q

What did the Catholic Church do to oppose the regime?

A

Pope Pius XI issued an encyclical in 1937 called ‘with burning grief’, 250,000 copies were issued and the encyclical attacked the Nazis for breaking the concordant.
However the church took part in no tangible action against the state.

43
Q

What did the Churches do when faith schools got shut down?

A

They did nothing

44
Q

What did Wilt believe about the churches?

A

Churches response to Nazism was timid and half-hearted

45
Q

Who was Pope Pius XII and what did he say?

A

He negotiated the concordant and them became Pope in 1939. During the negotiations he said there was a ‘pistol at their head’
He was seen as a Nazi sympathiser as he refused to excommunicate Catholics who were participating in genocide.

46
Q

What was the concordant?

A

Signed between the Nazi party and the Fenians. The church would stay out of politics and the Nazi party would not reorganise the church.
It was signed despite sterilisation law being passed.
It made the third Reich undemocratic, but did allow the churches to continue

47
Q

What did Wright believe about the churches?

A

The churches did oppose Nazi aggression, but only to protect their position

48
Q

How many protestant pastors were arrested during the third Reich?

A

Around 800

49
Q

What happened in May 1934 at Barmen?

A

10,000s of Lutherns openly condemned the ungodliness of National Socialism

50
Q

What happened in the Saarland in January 1937?

A

30-40 villagers broke into a school where a crucifix had been removed and put it back
The leader was given a custodial sentence

51
Q

Who was Helmut Kern?

A

A pastor from Nuremberg who wrote an anti-Nazi tract and sold 750,000 copies.
Was given a speaking ban and had his writing confiscated

52
Q

Why was church resistance hard?

A 
Concordant
Wanted to protect their own institution
Pastors put into prison
More concerned with keep members
Protestants not one organisation
Leaders arrested
53
Q

What did Housden believe about the churches?

A

Churches wanted to fit themselves into the path of the reich rather than change of the course of it completely

Advanced higher history (15 decks)

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