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Anatomy II > Resp. + urogenital histology > Flashcards

Resp. + urogenital histology Flashcards

1
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

LARYNX

  • folds enclose laryngeal vestibule
    • vestibular fold = resp. ep.
    • vocal fold = str. squ. non-ker. + m. vocalis
  • seromucous gland
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2
Q

Which cartilages can be found in the larynx?

Differentiate.

A

hyaline:

  • thyrod cart.
  • cricoid cart.
  • tracheal cart.

​elastic:​ epiglottis

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3
Q

In what way are the 2 surfaces of the epiglottis different?

A

pharyngeal surface = str. squ. non-ker.

laryngeal surface = ciliated resp.

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4
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

TRACHEA

  • paries membranaceus
    • seromucous gll.
    • m. trachealis (smooth)
    • folded ep.22
  • cartilagineous part
    • hyaline cart. (tracheal cart.) + perichondrium
    • elastic conn. tissue
    • plane ep.

⇒ both: ciliated resp. ep. + Goblet cells

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5
Q

What is the funciton of m. trachealis?

A

coughing

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6
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

LUNG

  • branches of a./v. pulmonalis
  • bronchi/bronchioli
  • alveoli
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7
Q

Describe the bronchial tree.

A
  1. main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → interlobular bronchus
  2. terminal bronchiolus resp. bronchiolus
  3. alveolar duct → alveolar sac + alveoli
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8
Q

Which type of branch of the bronchial tree is the smallest one with its own wall?

A

terminal bronchioli

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9
Q

How can you tell if it’s a branch of a./v pulmonalis independetly of their structure?

A

branch of a. pulmonalis ALWAYS accompanying bronchial tree

branch of v. pulmonalis can be located else where

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10
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

A

BRONCHUS

  • wide fairly regular lumen
  • tunica mucosa: cil. resp. ep. + Goblet cells
  • tunica muscularis
  • lamina propria: hyaline cart. + seromucous gl. + MALT (esp. at branching points)
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11
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

A

BRONCHIOLUS = similar to bronchus, BUT:

  • irregular lumen
  • sim. columnar ep. inst. of cil. resp. ep
  • no glands/cartilages
  • less smooth m.
  • contain Clara cells
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12
Q

What are Clara cells?

A
  • assist secretion of surfactant
  • detoxification
  • local immune defence
  • stem cell subpopulation
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13
Q

Describe the structure of alveoli.

A
  • type I pneumocytes = thin sq. ep. lining (95% of surface)
  • type II pneumocytes = large, rounded cells, bulging into lumen (5% of surface, yet 60% of all pneumocytes)
    • able to replicate to replace damaged pneumocytes (type I and II)
    • produce surfactant, to store it in lamellar bodies
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14
Q

Which other cells can sometimes be found in the alveoli and the alveolar septa?

A

septal/alveolar macrophages (= dust cells),

  • very dark due to ingested dust particles
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15
Q

Which structures form the blood-air barrier in the lung?

A
  • type I pneumocytes
  • fused basal laminae of pneuomocytes
  • capillary endothelium
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16
Q

What is the function of the smooth m. found in the structures of the bronchial tree?

A

determine diameter of airways

→ bronchoconstriction

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17
Q

Explain the structure of a bronchopulmonary segment

A

= subunit of lung lobe

  • centrally located (= intrasegmental) segmental bronchus
  • branch of a. pulmonalis
  • branch of v. pulmonalis (= intersegmental) in conn. tissue demarcate boundaries btw segments

​ ⇒ wedge-shaped, apex directed towards hilum

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18
Q

Explain the structure of a lung lobules.

A

subunit of branchopulmonary segment

  • supplied by terminal bronchiolus that bear alveoli (= acinus pulmonis)
  • mainly on surface of lungs (0.3 - 5cm polygonal regions)
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19
Q

What are the 2 regions of cortex of the kidney?

A

pars radiata = medullary rays, parallel oriented coll. ducts

pars convoluta = cortical labyrinth, btw medullary rays

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20
Q

Differentiate btw 2 types of nephrons.

What is the consequence w/r/t blood supply?

A

cortical nephrons = only in cortex

juxtamedullary nephrons = near medulla, long loops of Henle + vasa recta inst. of peritubular capillaries

⇒ cortex receives far more blood than medulla

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21
Q

Structure, organ?

How can you tell?

A

GLOMERULUS in renal (MALPHIGIAN) corpuscle

  • surrounded by Bowman’s capsule w/ 2 layers
    • parietal = epithelium
    • visceral w/ podocytes
  • 2 poles: tubular rarely visible
    • ​vascular = vessels enter/leave
    • tubular = proximal convoluted tubule begins
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22
Q

What are the 3 structures responsible for filtration in Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • fenestrations of capillary endothelium
  • combined basal laminae
  • filtration slit diaphragms btw podocyte pedicles

⇒ no large proteins able to pass from blood into filtrate

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23
Q

What are mesangiocytes?

Function?

A

add. cells btw capillaries of glomerulus

  • support of capillary
  • phagocytosis of proteins aggregating to glomerulus
  • immune defense
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24
Q

Organ?

Differentiate btw #1 and #2.

A

CORTEX of KIDNEY

​1) proximal convoluted tubule

  • sim. cub. ep., acidophilic due to large amount of mitochondria, long microvilli, lumina often occluded
  • reabsorption of org. nutr./ H2O, prot., electrolytes + secretion of org. ions

2) distal convoluted tubule

  • cells smaller than PCT, short microvilli, empty lumina
  • reabsorption of electrolytes

3) tubular pole
4) glomerulus<br></br>5) urinary space

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25
Q

Organ?

Differentiate btw #1 and #2.

A

MEDULLA of KIDNEY

​1) thin desc./asc. limb - loop of HENLE

  • sim. squ. ep. → thin wall
  • passive reabsorption of Na+, Cl-

​2) thick ascending limb - loop of HENLE

  • sim. cub. ep, many mitochondria → thicker wall, acidophilic
  • active reabsorption of var. electrolytes
<sub>CD = collecting duct</sub>
<sub>c = vasa recta capillary</sub>
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26
Q

3? Explain its different cell types.

Organ?

Which structures are formed when several of them fuse?

Function of their cells?

A

MEDULLA of KIDNEY

3) collecting duct

2 types of cells:

  • principal cells = most abundant, cuboidal - columnar, pale
    → secretion of K+
  • intercalated cells = few + scattered, darker
    → reabsorption of K+, help maintain acid-base balance
  • fuse near renal papilla → ducts of BELLINI

1) thin asc./desc. limbs of loop of Henle<br></br>2) thick asc. limbs of loop of Henle<br></br>C = vasa recta capillaries

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27
Q

Explain the structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

A
  • vascular pole of glomerulus = aff./eff. arterioles
  • macula densa = columnar cells of DTC
  • juxtaglomerular cells = mod. smooth m. cells w/ renin
  • lacis cells = extraglomerular mesangial cells
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28
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate GFR

controll of blood pressure

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29
Q

How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus JGA function if the blood pressure is increased?

A
  1. ↑ art. BP → ↑ glom. BP
  2. ↑ GFR → ↑ ions in TAL
  3. vasoconstrictors rel. by macula densa → contraction of vas afferens
  4. ↓ GFR → lower speed of filtrate flow in loop of Henle
  5. ↑ reabsorption of ions → stabilization
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30
Q

How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus JGA function if the blood pressure is decreased?

A
  1. ↓ art. BP measured by baroreceptors
  2. JG cells release renin into blood stream
  3. angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
  4. ACE in lungs: angiotensin I → angiotensin II = vasoconstrictor → ↑ BP
  5. adrenals secrete aldosterone → ↑ Na+/H20 reabsorption
  6. ↑ blood volume → stabilization
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31
Q

When is filtrate of the kidneys called urine?

A

when no longer modified by reabsorption/secretion

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32
Q

What is the function of umbrella cells?

A

contain uroplakins → impermeable to H2O → protection from hyperosmotic effect of urine

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33
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

URETER

  • star-shaped lumen
  • thick muscularis → peristalsis to transp. urine
  • urothelium
  • adventitia

Mu = muscularis<br></br>M = mucosa<br></br>A = adventitia

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34
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

URINARY BLADDER

  • mucosa w/ urothelium
    • propria
    • thin submucosa (not present in trig. ves.)
  • muscularis w/ 3 muscle layers
  • adventitia (on 1 side serosa)

U = urothelium<br></br>LP = lamina propria<br></br>S = submucosa<br></br>IL, ML, OL = inner, middle, outer layer of muscularis<br></br>A = adventitia

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35
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

MALE URETHRA

  • large folds
  • tissue of corpus spongiosum of penis
  • str. columnar ep. inst. of urothelium
  • sometimes endoepthial muc. glands that open into LITTRÉ glands
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36
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

TESTIS

  • tunica albuginea thickens at mediastinum (M) + forms septa (S) → lobules of testis
  • seminiferous tubules (ST) connected to rete testis (RT) (simple cuboidal ep.!!)
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37
Q

How do you call the darker pink layer a little bit at the right of the pointer?

A

visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis

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38
Q

Which structure contribute to a lobule of the testes?

How many such lobules can we find in one testis?

A

1 - 4 seminiferous tubules + connective tissue interstitium

⇒ 250/lobule

39
Q

Organ + structure?

How can you tell?

A

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of TESTIS

  • (1) Sertoli cells
  • spermatogenic epithelium
    • ​(2) primary spermatocyte
    • (3) spermatogonium
    • (4) early spermatid
    • (5) late spermatid (w/o residual body)
40
Q

Cell type?

What is its function?

A

LEYDIG CELL of testicular interstitium

→ produces testosterone in response to gonadotropin (either from placenta during fetal development, LH/ICSH from pituitary w/ begin of puberty)

41
Q

Organ + structure?

Differentiate btw M and F.

A

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE of TESTIS

  • smooth m.-like myoid cells (M) contribute to basement membrane of seminiferous tubule → weak contractions to move luminar fluid
  • fibroblasts (F) in interstitium

SC = Sertoli cells<br></br>ES = early spermatid<br></br>LS = late spermatid<br></br>SG = spermatogonia<br></br>PS = primary spermatocyte

42
Q

How do you recognize Sertoli cells?

Explain their function.

A

structure:

  • in basal compartment of seminiferous tubule
  • ovoid/triangular pale nucleus + prominent nucleolus

​function:

  • support, protection + nutrition of spermatogenic cells (form blood-testis barrier, adhere to spermatogenic epithelium)
  • endo-/exocrine secretion: testosterone, anti-müllerian substance (MIS), inhibin, water lumina
  • phagocytosis: lysosomes digest residual bodies
43
Q

Explain the process of spermatogenesis.

A
  1. type A spermatogonia undergo mitosis → more type A spermatogonia
  2. eventually differentiate to type B
  3. final mitotic division → 2 primary spermatocyte
  4. 1st meiotic division (∽ 3 weeks) → secondary spermatocyte
  5. almost immediately 2nd meiotic division → 2 spermatids
  6. spermiogenesis → spermatozoon/sperm (nucleus flattens, acrosome/flagellum/midpiece forms, residual body shed)
44
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

EPIDIDYMIS

  • fibrous capsule + tunica vagalis (TV)
  • long, coiled duct of epididymis (DE) w/ regular lumen
<sub>V = blood vessels in conn. tissue</sub>
<sub>arrows = pseudostrat. col. ep.</sub>
45
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

sperm become motile + finale maturation

decapacitation factors in epididymal fluid bind sperm cell membranes → block acrosomal reactions until factors are removed during capacitation

46
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

HEAD of EPIDIDYMIS

  • efferent ductules of testes
    • star-shaped lumen due to alternating non-ciliated ep. of diff. height
    • surrounded by smooth m. + conn. tissue
  • duct of epididymis​​
    • ​reg. lumen
    • pseudostrat. ciliated col. ep.
    • also surrounded by smooth m. + conn. tissue

image of single efferent ductule

47
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

SPERMATIC CORD

  • vas deferens + accompanied a. deferens (muscular a.)
  • m. cremaster + spermatic fascia (left)
  • many nn. + smaller vessels
48
Q

Organ + structure?

How can you tell?

A

PLEXUS PAMPINIFORMIS in SPERMATIC CORD

  • many muscular vv.
    • ​larger than accompanied a. testicularis
    • BUT: no elastic membranes
    • surrounding adipocytes + conn. tissue
    • NOTICE: vasa vasorum
  • m. cremaster + spermatic fascia (left)
49
Q

What is the function of plexus pampiniformis?

A

contains cooler blood from testis

→ draws heat from adjacent a. testicularis
→ 34 °C for spermatogenesis

50
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

VAS DEFERENS

  • highly folded mucosa (M)
    • pseudostrat. col. ep.
    • nuclei arranged in 2 rows
  • thick muscularis → powerful contractions during ejaculation
    • ​inner + outer long. (L-SM)
    • mid. circ. (C-SM)
  • adventitia (A)
51
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

SEMINAL VESICLE

  • highly folded mucosa (M)
    • simple col. ep. of principal secr. cells
    • smooth. m. (SM)
    • thin lamina propria (LP)
  • labyrinthic lumen (L)
  • surrounded by 2 layers of smooth m. (SM, front page)
52
Q

What contributes to the secretion of the seminal vescicle?

A
  • fructose → energy source for spermatozoa
  • prostaglandins → stim. activity in woman
  • fibrinogen → coagulation of semen after ejaculation
53
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

Differentiate btw G.

A

PROSTATE

  • dense fibromuscular stroma (S)
    • lamina propria
    • thick smooth m. → empty glands during ejaculation
  • tubuloalveolar glands (G) next to urethra (sim./pseudostrat. col. ep.)
    • in transition zone: mucosal glands
    • in central zone: submucosal glands
    • in peripheral zone: main glands
54
Q

What can sometimes be found in the lumina of prostate’s tuboalveolar glands?

A

corpora amylacea (CA)

→ deposited glycoproteins + keratan sulfate

LP = lamina propria

55
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

PENIS

  • 2 corpora cavernosa (CV) dorsally
    • smaller blood vessels (V)
    • covered by dense, fibrous tunica albuginea (TA)
  • corpus spongiosum (CS) + urethra (U)
  • covered by skin (S)
56
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

GLANS of PENIS

  • urethra is str. squ. non-ker. (NOT: pseudostrat. col. as in spongy urethra) → glans
57
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

CORPUS SPONGIOSUM (CS) of PENIS

  • prominent urethra (PU) (here: pseudostrat. col. ep.) → spongy urethra
  • urethral glands (LITTRE) (UG) release mucous during erection
  • corpora cavernosa (CC) surrounded by tunica albuginea (TA)
    • helicine a. (HA)

NOTICE diff. arrangement of conn. tissue in corpora cavernosa + corpus spongiosum

58
Q

Differentiate btw types of epithelium along the sections of the male urethra.

A
  • pars intramuralis - prostatica: urothelium
  • pars membranacea - spongiosa: pseudostrat. col.
  • pars navicularis - ostium urethrae ext: str. squ. non-ker.

​in pars spongiosa gll. urethrales (Littre) are acting to protect urethra from urine

59
Q

Structure + organ?

Explain its function.

A

INTIMAL CUSHION OF EBNER in PENIS

  • connected to helicine aa.
  1. relaxation of trabecular smooth m. due to parasymp. stimulation
  2. helicine aa. dilate
  3. intimal cushions of Ebner occlude lumina of cavernous spaces
  4. enlargement of corporsa cavernosa
  5. compression of dorsal vv. against tunica albuginea → no outflow → rigid

after ejaculation proc. inversed

60
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

CORPUS CAVERNOSUM of PENIS

  • helicine a. (HA) btw
  • cavernous spaces (CS) made up by fibrous, el. conn. tissue + smooth m. (SM)
  • tunica albuginea (TA)
61
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

CORTEX of OVARY

  • cuboidal surface epithelium (SE) overlying the dense conn. tunica albuginea (TA)
  • loose conn. stroma
  • mainly primordial follicles with oocytes (O) and follicular cells (arrow) visible
62
Q

Explain the general process of follicular development.

A
  1. oogonia undergo mitosis
  2. become primordial follicles
  3. undergo follicular development monthly once
    primary follicle → secondary follicle → tertiary follicle →​ Graafian follicle
  4. ovulation + atresia of non-dominant follicles
  5. corpus luteum forms from remnants of Graafian follicle
  6. degenerates as corpus albicans
63
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

A

PRIMARY FOLLICLE in OVARY

  • simple cub. ep. covering the primary oocyte
64
Q

When does the growth of primary follicles begin?

What happens exactly?

A

in puberty once a month when FSH secretion from pituitary begins

  • growth of prim. oocyte
  • mitosis of foll. cells
65
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

How do you call the surrounding layer of cells?

A

SECONDARY FOLLICLE in OVARY

  • foll. cells form -5 layers = now: granulosa cells
  • eosinophilic zona pellucida
  • theca interna + externa immediately surrounding the granulosa cells
66
Q

What is the function of zona pellucida?

A

contains glycoproteins ZP3 + ZP4 which are important sperm receptors + induce acrosomal activation

67
Q

What is the function of theca interna and externa?

How do you recognize these layers on the specimen?

A

theca interna: (TI)

  • well-vascularized
  • secretes androstenedione, then converted to estradiol and distributed throughout the body → vacuolated + lightly stained due to lipid droplets

theca externa: (TE)

  • fibroblasts + smooth m. → imp. for ovulation

A = antrum<br></br>G = granulosa cells<br></br>BM = basement membrane<br></br>S = stroma

68
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

What is the reason for the forming space within the follicle?

A

TERITARY FOLLICLE in OVARY

  • deeper in cortex (less prim. follicles visible)
  • more layers (6-12) of granulosa cells
  • as granulosa cells start secreting liquor folliculi an antrum develops
69
Q

How do you call the granulosa cells that surround the pink zona pellucida starting to differentiate from the outer layer?

A

corona radiata (CR)

→ later (but not visible here): cumulus oophorus (CO) forms “connecting stalk” before antrum fully seperates prim. oocyte from outer layers

70
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

In which layer of the specimen do you usually find such a follicle?

In which state is the oocyte?

A

GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE in OVARY

  • close to surface
  • thin layer of granulosa cells (do not multiply as fast as antrum grows)
  • fully seperated prim. oocyte (finished meiosis I)
71
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

all follicles exc. dominant follicle die + are phagocyted

BUT: estrogen produced by larger foll. important for preparation for possible fertilization

72
Q

Structure?

How can you tell?

A

ATRESIAN TERTIARY FOLLICLE in OVARY

  • corona radiata already disappeared
  • many apoptotic cells loose in antrum

​O = degenerative oocyte<br></br>G = granulosa cells<br></br>A = antrum

73
Q

What happens as the Graafian follicle bulges against the tunica albuginea?

A

spiral aa. are destroyed where follicle pushes against tunica albuginea → ischemic area is formed = stigma

74
Q

When does ovulation happen?

It is induced by… ?

What happens exactly?

A

LH surge → ∽ d 14 of menstrual cycle

  • meiosis I completed by prim. oocyte in Graafian foll. → 1st pol. body is released
  • incr. pressure by liquor folliculi due to incr. production of hyaluronan, prostaglandin by granulosa cells
  • ovarian wall weakens due to degradation of collagenous tunica albuginea by plasmin in liquor folliculi
  • smooth m. contractions of theca externa

⇒ sec. oocyte + corona radiata expelled

75
Q

Explain the hormone secretion at different stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. hypothalamus → GnRH
  2. ant. pituitary → FSH + LH
  3. maturating follicles → inhibin (inhibits FSH prod.)
  4. tertiary/Graafian follicles → estrogen → negative feedback on hypothalamus
  5. ant. pituitary → LH surge → OVULATION
  6. corpus luteum forms under infl. of LH
  7. corpus luteum → progesterone, estrogen + inhibin
76
Q

Where does the corpus luteum develop from?

What is its function?

What happens to it eventually?

A

develops as remnants of granulosa + theca cells of Graafian follicle

  • LH surge induces corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
  • estrogen inhibits FSH production → no new follicles mature
77
Q

What is the fate of corpus luteum?

A
  • usually degenerates after [LH] drops → corpus albicans
  • BUT if fertilized: maintained by trophoblast’s HCG (similar to LH) → continuing secr. of progesterone
78
Q

This specimen is not ideal, but which organ is it?

How can you tell?

What is the function of the individual cell types visible?

A

CORPUS LUTEUM

  • _​_highly vascularized wall
  • granulosa lutein cells (GL) → secr. progesterone
    (sign. hypertrophied granulosa cells)
  • theca lutein cells (TL) → secr. prog. + androstenedione
    (stain somewhat darker, only minimal hypertrophy, mainly in folds close to wall)
79
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

CORPUS ALBICANS (close to corpus luteum)

  • looks similar to corpus luteum, but invested with collagen + fibroblasts
80
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

AMPULLA of UTERINE TUBE

  • labyrinthic lumen btw highly folded mucous membrane w/ sim. col. ep.
  • surrounded by interwoven smooth m. layer

C = circular layer of muscularis<br></br>L = longitudinal layer of muscularis<br></br>LP = lamina propria

REMEMBER: looks similar to gl. vesiculosa, BUT different arrangement of muscularis + notice peg cells (cf. epithelium)

81
Q

Organ + structures?

How can you tell?

What is the function of the different structures?

A

AMPULLA of UTERINE TUBE

  • labyrinthic lumen btw highly folded mucous membrane visible w/ sim. col. ep.
    • 1) non-ciliated
    • 2) ciliated (CC) → move sec. oocyte/sperm
    • 3) darker stained, thin, secr. peg cells (PC) that bulge into lumen
  • highly vascularized lamina propria

REMEMBER: looks similar to gl. vesiculosa, BUT different arrangement of muscularis + notice peg cells in sim. col. epithelium

82
Q

What is the function of peg cells?

On what does it depend?

A

secrete glycoproteins of a nutritive/protective mucus film + capacitation factors that activate sperms

most developed short after ovulation (embryo might be present)

83
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

ISTHMUS of UTERINE TUBE

  • star-shaped lumen
  • tunica muscularis much thicker than ampulla, both layers can be seen

​REMEMBER: if structure look like this, check epithelium first, ureter looks similar, but has urothelium

84
Q

Organ + layers?

How can you tell?

A

PROLIFERATING UTERUS

  • 1) stratum functionale (F) of endometrium w/
    • col. surface epithelium
    • ducts of uterine glands
    • stroma richer in ground substance → a bit darker
  • 2) stratum basale (B) of endometrium w/
    • basal portions of uterine glands
  • ​3) myometrium (M)
    • abundant interwoven smooth m. + highly vascularized
85
Q

What are the contents of the stroma of the uterus?

A

type III collagen fibers + fibroblasts + ground substance (stains darker in stratum functionale)

NOTICE the beautifully arranged sim. col. ep. lining the endometrium/uterine gll.

86
Q

Describe the vasculature in the endometrium.

Differentiate btw stratum basale and functionale.

A

uterine arcuate aa. in myometrium supply

  • stratum basale w/ straight aa.
  • stratum functionale w/ progesterone-sensitive spiral aa. supplying the sinusoid lacunae → undergo changes during menstrual cycle

⇒ bring O2, nutrients to endometrium

87
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

SECRETING UTERUS

  • stratum functionale (F) ∽4x thicker than stratum basale (B)
  • uterine gll. filled w/ eosinophilic glycogen-rich secretion + coil tightly up through stroma
  • lacunae filled w/ blood → darker color
88
Q

How did we subdivide stratum functionale?

A
  • upper portion = stratum compactum, contains ducts of glands
  • lower portion (hence middle portion of endometrium) = stratum spongiosum, contains main bulk of uterine gll.
89
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

How long does each one last?

A
  1. menstrual phase 3-4 d
  2. proliferative phase 8-10 d
  3. secretory phase 14 d
90
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

regeneration of stratum functionale
due to estrogen secretion by thecae int.

→ basal ends of uterine glands migrate to form new surface epithelium
→ spiral aa. lengthen + form extensive microvasc.

91
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

preparation for implantation of embryo
due to progesterone secreted by corpus luteum

  • uterine gll. secrete glycogen
  • lacunae are filled w/ blood → endometrial edema
92
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstruation = menses
due to decreasing levels of estrogen/progesterone

  • spasm in spiral aa. → interrupting blood flow
  • incr. synthesis of prostaglandins → vasoconstriction → limits blood loss

​⇒ stratum functionale + assocciated structures slough off

93
Q

Organ?

How can you tell?

A

VAGINA

  • stra. squ. ep. (E)
  • lamina propria (LP) penetrating w/ papillae into epithelium
  • indistinctive tunica muscularis (M)
  • (not seen here, but adventitia)

REMEMBER differences to esophagus/ureter:

  • no glands, submucosa, musc. mucosae, like esophagus
  • no urothelium, like ureter

Anatomy II (13 decks)

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