Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

4 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 1

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. krebs cycle
4. ETC

Question 2

Is the process linear?

Answer 2

no

do not always have to start with glucose

made up of anabolic and pathways

Question 3

Where are catabolic intermediates used?

Answer 3

in anabolic pathways

Question 4

anabolic

Answer 4

synthesize new molecules

Question 5

catabolic

Answer 5

break down molecules

Question 6

Example of a catabolic intermediate

Answer 6

Acetyl-CoA

Question 7

Oxidation/reduction reactions

Answer 7

make up cellular respiration

Question 8

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 8

outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm

Question 9

Main goal of glycolysis

Answer 9

to break down glucose to make pyruvate

Question 10

What does glycolysis produce?

Answer 10

2 molecules pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADHS

Question 11

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 11

Anaerobic (no O2)

Question 12

What are the two phases glycolysis?

Answer 12

1. energy investment (input 2 ATP)

2. energy payoff

Question 13

What happens during energy investment in glycolysis?

Answer 13

Free energy increases

Question 14

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 14

direct process where ATP is bounded directly to an enzyme

occurs in glycolysis

Question 15

In overall equation, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?

Answer 15

glucose is being oxidized

O2 is being reduced

Question 16

What does NAD+ get reduced to?

Answer 16

NADH

this is the form that it is carrying more electrons in

Question 17

What type of molecules serve as electron acceptors?

Answer 17

Molecules with low potential energy

Question 18

Where do all the carbons of glucose end up when glucose is completely oxidized?

Answer 18

CO2

*think about net equation

Question 19

If glucose was labeled with radioactive carbons, where would you expect the carbons to end up?

Answer 19

all biological molecules

intermediates in cellular respiration can go on to form other things besides going to the ETC

Ex: Acetyl-CoA is used in synthesis of fatty acids

Question 20

Reducing agent

Answer 20

The molecule that is doing the reducing, therefore it is giving up electrons and being OXIDIZED

it will have less electrons and lower potential energy

Question 21

What process will proceed whether oxygen is present or not?

Answer 21

glycolysis

Question 22

metabolism

Answer 22

the sum of chemical reaction that take place within each cell of a living organism and provide energy for the entire organism

Question 23

Phosphofructokinase

Answer 23

an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes an early stage of glucose (breaks down fructose)

negative feedback of ATP regulates

Question 24

Where does pyruvate processing take place?

Answer 24

In the mitochondrial matrix

Question 25

What is pyruvate processing catalyzed by?

Answer 25

Pyruvate dehydrogenase Negative feedback by ATP

Question 26

Net products of pyruvate processing

Answer 26

2 Acetyl-CoA 2 NADH 2 CO2

Question 27

What happens in pyruvate processing?

Answer 27

two carbons from pyruvate combine with co-A

Question 28

Which energy storing molecule carries the highest amount of chemical energy?

Answer 28

NADH Since it releases the most free energy when formed

Question 29

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 29

mitochondrial matrix

Question 30

What happens to each Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 30

oxidized to two molecules of CO2

Question 31

What is produced from the citric acid (krebs) cycle?

Answer 31

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP or 1 ATP

Question 32

Where does substrate level phosphorylyzation occur in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 32

When GDP is transformed into GTp

Question 33

Where is CO2 produced?

Answer 33

pyruvate processing the citric acid cycle

Question 34

Why is the overall production of ATP in cellular respiration considered indirect?

Answer 34

Because it is pumped by the ETC and not directly synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 35

What is the O2 consumed during respiration directly used for?

Answer 35

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Question 36

Where is most water produced during cellular respiration?

Answer 36

the ETC

Question 37

What is different about Q?

Answer 37

it is not a protein. it is lipid soluble and can move through the membrane

Question 38

What is the synthesis of ATP an example of?

Answer 38

endergonic reaction coupled with an exergonic reaction

Question 39

What goes into the ETC?

Answer 39

10 NADH 2 FADH2 O2

Question 40

What is produced by the ETC?

Answer 40

Roughly 29-34 ATPs | H2O

Question 41

Where does chemosynthesis take place in prokaryotes?

Answer 41

on the outer cell membrane rather than in the mitochondrial membrane

Question 42

Oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 42

proton gradient formed by pumped hydrogens

Question 43

ATP synthase

Answer 43

hydrogen ions spin a rotor as they are moved back into mitochrondrial matrix

Question 44

What is the most effective electron acceptor?

Answer 44

oxygen because it is the most electronegative it will pull the electrons

Question 45

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 45

characteristic of yeasts and bacteria pyruvate gets reduced to an intermediate results in toxic carbon 2 ethanol

Question 46

Why is alcohol fermentation selected for in evolution?

Answer 46

produces a toxin that could kill potential predators

Question 47

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 47

characteristic of animals and bacteria pyruvate is directly reduced to lactic acid, no intermediate