Exam 1 (Key Notes)

Question 1

What came first life or O2?

Answer 1

life

Question 2

What came first land plants or land animals?

Answer 2

Plants

Question 3

What led to the Perminan mass extinction at the end of the Cenozoic period/Cambrian explosion?

Answer 3

Formation of Pangea

Question 4

What came first dinosaur extinction or first mammals?

Answer 4

First mammals

Question 5

What came first Atlantic ocean opens or dinosaurs extinction?

Answer 5

Atlantic ocean

Question 6

What came first humans or wooley mammoth extinction?

Answer 6

Humans

Question 7

What is different about uracil compared to thymine?

Answer 7

Thymine has an extra H3C attatched which makes it more stable and found in DNA

Question 8

What is different about cytosine compared to uracil and thymine?

Answer 8

Cytosine has NH2 on top whereas uracil and thymine have oxygen on top

Question 9

Difference between guanine and adenine?

Answer 9

Guanine has O attached and adenine has NH2 attatched

Question 10

What is on 3’ carbon of sugar in nucleotide?

Answer 10

OH

Question 11

Where is double bonded O from phosphorous in nucleic acid polymerization?

Answer 11

On the right. Facing “inwards”

Question 12

Where is hydrogen attached to the carboxyl group of the non-ionized amino acid?

Answer 12

To the single bonded oxygen

Question 13

Non-polar amino acids (R)

Answer 13

look for hydrocarbon groups and sulfur
no oxygen

uncharged, hydrophobic

Question 14

Polar amino acids

Answer 14

look for partial charges and oxygen

hydrophilic, will form hydrogen bonds

Question 15

Electrically charged acidic amino acids

Answer 15

look for negative charge

look for carboxyl groups

hydrophilic, will give up protons

Question 16

Which amino acids are acidic?

Answer 16

Aspartic acid and glutamic acid

Question 17

Which amino acids are basic?

Answer 17

arginine, histidine, lystine

Question 18

Electrically charged basic amino acids

Answer 18

look for positive charge

look for NH

hydrophilic, will attract protons

Question 19

Intermediate forms

Answer 19

gradual stages between simple and complex structures

ex: development of the human eye

Question 20

Transitional fossils

Answer 20

Intermediate forms in the fossil record

cannot assume a direct think between derived and ancestral species

Question 21

Sister taxa

Answer 21

tips that are directly related by a single common ancestor at a node

Question 22

Cladogram

Answer 22

only info is branching pattern and order, branch length provides no information

time is indicated by ancestors and descendants

Question 23

Phylogram

Answer 23

branch length indicates level of divergence

there is time associated with it

Question 24

Synapomorphy

Answer 24

shared derived homologous traits

a shared trait that sets a clade away from other clades

Question 25

Precambrian era

Answer 25

life was unicellular and not diverse oxygen was virtually absent until photosynthetic bacteria early animals form later

Question 26

Importance of the development of predators

Answer 26

sparked the Cambrian explosion it is now an arms race to develop to survive leds to shells, teeth, and claws

Question 27

Adaptation

Answer 27

a heritable trait that increases the fitness of a particular individual relative to those lacking the trait

Question 28

Fitness

Answer 28

the ability of an individual to produce surviving fertile offspring relative to other individuals in the population

Question 29

Monohybrid cross

Answer 29

crossing plants that differ in only one trait

Question 30

Particulate inheritance

Answer 30

suggests that hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation

Question 31

Principle of segregation

Answer 31

the two alleles of each gene pair must segregate into different gamete cells

Question 32

Hardest bonds to break

Answer 32

non-polar covalent

Question 33

More hydrogen ions in a solution indicates

Answer 33

lower pH (more acidic)

Question 34

The particle theory of inheritance

Answer 34

hereditary traits act like particles (units) as they are passed from generation to generation chromosomes are these particles

Question 35

Law of independent assortment

Answer 35

character traits are not connected but are inherited independently

Question 36

What are chromosomes composed of?

Answer 36

DNA and proteins

Question 37

Bacteriophage

Answer 37

Hershey and Chase experiment Bacteriophage only inject hereditary material into the cell this will tell us whether DNA or proteins are the genetic material (cannot just study chromosome replication, since DNA and proteins are both in chromosomes)

Question 38

How is DNA stabilized?

Answer 38

By hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the interior

Question 39

When is amino group most likely to be ionized?

Answer 39

In low pH When it is more acidic, NH2 is more likely to act as a base and pick up one of the many hydrogen ions floating around

Question 40

Disulfide bond

Answer 40

stabilize secondary and tertiary proteins they are very strong

Question 41

Codominance

Answer 41

simultaneous expression of the phenotype associated with both alleles in a heterozygote

Question 42

Incomplete dominance

Answer 42

heterozygotes display a phenotype that is intermediate between the 2 homozygous parents