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Biology 253 > Respiratory Disorders: Pneumonia > Flashcards

Respiratory Disorders: Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia? What’s another name for it?

A

Inflm of the lung

Pneumonitis

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2
Q

Pneumonia occur in the ______ resp tract. What structures?

A

lower resp tract

alveoli and bronchioles = finer a/w

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3
Q

T or F: Pneumonia is always infectious.

A

F: infectious or non-infectious

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4
Q

Pneumonia is the most common ________ _______

A

nosocomial infection

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5
Q

Etiology of Pneumonia (4)

A
  1. several microbe
  2. usually bacteria
  3. noxious fumes
  4. aspiration
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6
Q

What microbes cause pneumonia? What bacteria commonly cause pneumonia?

A

bacterias, viruses, or fungi

streptococcus pneumoniae

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7
Q

Example of noxious fumes.

A

toxic fumes from a fire causing damage when inhaled

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8
Q

What is aspiration? Example?

A

anything besides air getting into the lungs

Ex: inhaling water into the lungs causing damaging effects or gastric content

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9
Q

What are the two classifications of Pneumonia?

A
  1. infectious

2. non-infectious

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10
Q

What are the types of infectious pneumonia? (3) Explain. Which one is most common?

A
  1. pneumococcal (most common): refers to bacterial colony
  2. community acquired: acquired from people in the community
  3. nosocomial: acquired in the hospital setting esp immunocompromised elders
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11
Q

What is an example of non-infectious pneumonia?

A

Aspiration Pneumonia–> caused by anything but air such as inhaling toxic fumes

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12
Q

Patho: Mucociliary blanket compromised. What is it? How does it work?

A

The mucociliary blanket is a thin film lining the surface of epithelial cells in the a/w that contains cilia and goblet cells producing mucus providing a defense mechanism.

Cilia beats synchronously in the opposite direction to airflow in order to expectorate mucus containing foreign debris.

If compromised, bacteria and foreign debris enter the lungs

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13
Q

What can compromises mucociliary blanket or what group of individuals have compromised mucociliary blanket? (3)

A

immunocompromised individuals, trauma, and smoking

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14
Q

What makes the lung an ideal place for bacteria?

Injurious agents _______ and _______ when it get into the lungs of individuals with compromised mucociliary blanket.

A

Environment is warm and moist

establishes

proliferate

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15
Q

What is impaired after bacteria establish and proliferate in the LRT?

A

infection establishes in LRT–> inflm–> edema–>impaired gas exchange

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16
Q

How is gaseous exchange (GE) impaired?

A
  1. edema –> increase prod. of exudate–> obstructs a/w–> impede GE between alveoli and capillaries
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17
Q

What is GE?

A

GE = inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli.

OR

O2 moves from lung to bloodstream and CO2 moves from bloodstream to lungs

18
Q

How does edema affect alveoli? Explain Alveoli.

A

Alveoli have thin layer of fluid lining the surface in which gas diffused into or out of the blood or alveoli

W/ edema, the layer increases and become thicker –> increase diffusion distance

19
Q

What are the four stage of pneumococcal pneumonia? Explain the main actions in each.

A
  1. edema–> increase proteins + microbes
  2. red hepatization –> RBC, PMN, and capillary congestion
  3. grey hepatization–> phagocytosis
  4. resolution
20
Q

Explain the first stage of Pneumococcal Pneumonia. What kind of exudate is occuring.

A

Purulent exudate containing lots of proteins (eg antibodies), fluids and cells, and microbes, and pneumococci.

In this stage, alveoli become filled with protein-rich edema fluid containing numerous organisms.

21
Q

Explain the second stage of Pneumococcal Pneumonia.

A

Marked capillary congestion, leading to massive outpouring of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and RBC.

Defense cells activate when microbes proliferate.

PMN ingest bacteria and cause damage to capillaries

22
Q

Why is the 2nd stage called red hepatization?

A

Red is d/t the presence of erythrocytes in alveoli from inflm, hyperemia, and exudate.

Hepatization is d/t the affected part of lung resembling the consistency of liver –> soft and flaccid

23
Q

What is PMN leukocytes?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes is a group of leukocytes that have polymorphous nuclei –> nucleus have different shapes (eg trilobular)

24
Q

What is typical pneumonia? Example? Explain the effects on alveoli.

A

Typical Pneumonia is caused by bacterial infection eg Pneumococcal Pneumonia.

When bacteria proliferate, it takes up space in alveoli (where there are least resistance) causing inflm and exudation and fluid into air-filled spaces

25
Q

What is Atypical Pneumonia? Explain effect on alveoli. Where is it confined?

A

Atypical Pneumonia is caused by viral and mycoplasma infections but there is a lack of alveolar infiltration = empty alveoli.

largely confined to the alveolar septum and pulmonary interstitium

Viruses must get into host cells to replicate but bacteria replicate anywhere.

26
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

refers to the consolidation of part or all of a lung lobe

27
Q

What is a bronchopneumonia?

A

refers to a patchy consolidation involving more than one lobe

granules are inflamed

28
Q

What is consolidation in the lungs?

A

Air-filled sac is replaced with fluids that has been solidified

29
Q

Manifestations of Pneumonia (4)

A
  1. dyspnea
  2. productive cough
  3. pleuritic pain
  4. elevated fevers
30
Q

Manifestations are _____ and have ______ variation

A
  1. acute

2. wide

31
Q

What is benefits of productive coughs?

A

body is able to remove exudate by coughing and bring up expectorate eg sputum and clear the a/w

32
Q

What is the speed of air when coughin?

A

One cough ranges from 100-160 km/hr on average

33
Q

Why is the coughing reflex important?

A

protect against aspiration into tracheobronchial tree by bringing up whatever is lodged in the a/w

34
Q

What is pleuritic pain? What does it refer to?

A

sudden and intense sharp, burning, and stabbing pain when inhaling and exhaling

refers to the pleura membrane

35
Q

What is elevated fever?

A

Fever with a temperature higher than expected in general

36
Q

Diagnosis of Pneumonia (3)

A
  1. hx and px
  2. chest x-ray
  3. sputum analysis
37
Q

What is found in chest x-ray?

very ________ and most _____ approach

A

consolidation is present = solidification of fluids, microbes, inflm debris, exudate, or cells

revealing
direct

38
Q

What is sputum analysis?

A

collect sputum sample to be analyzed to identify microbes

39
Q

Treatment of Pneumonia (2)

A
  1. antibiotic if bacterial to eradicate bacteria

2. supportive

40
Q

What is the 3rd stage of pneumococcal pneumonia? How long after stage 2 does this stage begin? Why is it grey?

A

arrival of macrophages that phagocytose PMN, RBC, inflm debris, and microbes.

2-3+ days after stage two (depending on tx)

Grey b/c there is less capillary congestion but still takes on the consistency of the liver (hence hepatization)

41
Q

What is the 4th stage of pneumococcal pneumonia?

There ______ and _______ _______ is intact and are no longer ___________

A

individuals gradually makes a full recovery

defense and IR

compromised

Biology 253 (39 decks)

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