respiratory system

Question 1

primary function of the respiration system

Answer 1

provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues
removes CO2

Question 2

secondary functions of the respiration system

Answer 2

produces speech
facilitates sense of smell
maintains acide base balance
maintains body water level
maintains heat balance

Question 3

whats the function of the pleural membranes

Answer 3

cushions the lung
reduce any friction that may develop between between lung / rib cage

Question 4

structure of pleural membranes

Answer 4

2 layered membrane that covers each lung
layers seperated by small amount of thick lubricant = pleural fluid

Question 5

what medical conditions can affect the pleural membranes

Answer 5

collapsed lung, cancer

excess fluid can collect - would need to be drained

Question 6

2 categories of pleural membranes

Answer 6

visceral pleura
parietal pleura

Question 7

what type of membrane is the visceral pleura

Answer 7

internal membrane

Question 8

what type of membrane is the parietal pleura

Answer 8

external membrane

Question 9

what is the visceral pleura

Answer 9

thin, slippery membrane which covers surface of the lungs and dips into the areas seperating the different lobes of the lungs

Question 10

what is the parietal pleura

Answer 10

lines the inner chest wall and diaphragm

Question 11

where do the visceral + parietal pleura join?

Answer 11

helium

Question 12

visceral + parietal pleura is the point of entry for ___

Answer 12

bronchus, blood vessels, nerves

Question 13

from what is pleural fluid secreted from?

Answer 13

mesothelial cells

Question 14

what is the function of the pleural fluid?

Answer 14

allows the layes to glide over each other as lungs inflate + deflate during respiration

Question 15

what is the benefit of the structure of the pleura

Answer 15

essential to respiration - provides lungs with lubrication and cushioning

Question 16

how much pleural fluid is in the intrapleural space?

Answer 16

4ccs - 5ccs

Question 17

whats a property of the pleural fluid

Answer 17

slightly sticky
helps draw lungs outward - creates surface tension to help maintain position of lungs against chest wall

Question 18

what does the pleurae serve as?

Answer 18

division between other organs in the body - preventing them from interfeering with lung function

Question 19

basic definition of parietal pleura

Answer 19

adheres to the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm

Question 20

basic definition of visceral pleura

Answer 20

adheres to the walls of the lungs, coverin each lobe

Question 21

basic definition of pleural cavity

Answer 21

the area between the pleura containing a thin layer of thick fluid

Question 22

defenition of epiglotis

Answer 22

seperates trachea from oesophagus and stops you breathing in food and drink

Question 23

defnition of larynx

Answer 23

connects back of nose from trachea - forming an air passage to the lungs
also - where your voicebox is

Question 24

defenition of diffusion

Answer 24

movement of particles from area of high conc to low conc

Question 25

alveoli (2)

Answer 25

found at the end of the tiniest bronchioles surrounded by capillary network where O2+CO2 exchanged through alveolar membrane

Question 26

where does the trachea start and where does it subdivide to

Answer 26

starts at larynx divides into 2 bronchi lung divide into bronchioles

Question 27

where can you find rings of cartilage?

Answer 27

trachea + bronchi

Question 28

why do some things have rings of cartilage?

Answer 28

stop them collapsing - maintain an open passage for air

Question 29

what shape are the cartillage rings and why

Answer 29

C gap at back to allow food down oesophagus (needs to stretch to allow food to pass down)

Question 30

diaphragm definition

Answer 30

muscle anchored to the lower ribs that seperates the chest from the abdomen

Question 31

what do intercoastal muscles do during inhilation?

Answer 31

lift + spread the ribs

Question 32

what do intercoastal muscles do during exhilation?

Answer 32

pull the ribs inferiorly + closer together

Question 33

how many intercoastal muscles do you have

Answer 33

22 pairs

Question 34

what are intercoastal muscles

Answer 34

muscles found between the ribs

Question 35

where are goblet cells found in

Answer 35

walls of trachea + bronchus

Question 36

what do goblet cells secrete

Answer 36

mucus made of mucin

Question 37

function of goblet cells

Answer 37

traps micro organisms + debris to keep the airways clear

Question 38

what do cilliated cells need a lot of

Answer 38

mitochondria for energy

Question 39

what happens to the mucus in the cilliated cells

Answer 39

you swallow the musuc and acid in the stomach destroys any bacteria

Question 40

gas exchange process of CO2 in alevoli

Answer 40

co2 produced in respiration is carried back in the blood vessels to alevoli then exhaled

Question 41

gas exchange process of O2 in alveoli

Answer 41

O2 inhaled diffuses through alveoli to the capillaries - distrubuted around for cellular respiration

Question 42

modifications of alveoli (4)

Answer 42

thin layer of cells form the wall - short diffusion distance moist walls for gas exchnage large surface area - more efficient constant diffusion gradient

Question 43

what are erythrocytes

Answer 43

red blood cells

Question 44

what are alvelous composed of

Answer 44

squamous epithelial cells and surfactant-releasing cells

Question 45

what does surfactant releasing cells actually do

Answer 45

reduces surface tension of the fluid - preventing walls of alveoli from collpasing / sticking together during breathing allows gasses to dissolve before they diffuse in / out

Question 46

what happens to the Intercostal Muscles during inhalation

Answer 46

contract

Question 47

what happens to the Intercostal Muscles during exhalation

Answer 47

relax

Question 48

what happens to the ribs during inhalation

Answer 48

moves up and out

Question 49

what happens to the ribs during exhalation

Answer 49

moves down and in

Question 50

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

Answer 50

contracts and flattens

Question 51

what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation

Answer 51

relaxes and domes upwards

Question 52

what happens to the volume of lungs during inhalation

Answer 52

Increase

Question 53

what happens to the volume of lungs during exhalation

Answer 53

Decrease

Question 54

what happens to the thoracic pressure during inhalation

Answer 54

increases

Question 55

what happens to the thoracic pressure during exhalation

Answer 55

decreases

Question 56

what happens to the air movement during inhalation

Answer 56

in

Question 57

what happens to the air movement during exhalation

Answer 57

out

Question 58

what monitors / senses oxygen / co2 levels in the blood

Answer 58

Sensory organs in the brain aorta carotid arteries

Question 59

what happens with a high concentration of CO2 (breathing)

Answer 59

strongest stimulus to breathe more deeply and more frequently

Question 60

what happens with a low concentration of CO2 (breathing)

Answer 60

the brain decreases the frequency and depth of breaths.

Question 61

what does peak flow test measure

Answer 61

It measures the maximum rate of airflow that is blown out of the lungs during forced exhalation.

Question 62

limitations of peak flow meter

Answer 62

Not breathing in deeply enough to start the test Not breathing out forcefully enough Poor seal around the mouthpiece Use of medicines that open the airways (bronchodilators)

Question 63

oxygen inhaled

Answer 63

21%

Question 64

CO2 inhaled

Answer 64

0.04%

Question 65

water vapour inhaled

Answer 65

depends on climate

Question 66

nitrogen inhaled

Answer 66

79%

Question 67

oxygen expired air

Answer 67

16%

Question 68

CO2 expired air

Answer 68

4%

Question 69

water vapour expired air

Answer 69

saturated

Question 70

nitrogen expired air

Answer 70

79%

Question 71

what does spirometer measure

Answer 71

how much air you breath in / out how quickly you can exhale

Question 72

why would you need a spirometry test

Answer 72

wheezing shortness of breath cough

Question 73

what is spirometry test used for

Answer 73

common test used to monitor and diagnose lung conditions such as COPD

Question 74

spirometery and the relevance of COPD

Answer 74

determine severity of COPD set treatment goals

Question 75

how are results shown in spirometery

Answer 75

forced vital capacity (FVC) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEC1) (FVC/FEV1)

Question 76

limitations of spirometery

Answer 76

patient effort incomplete inhalation test quality - patients technique

Question 77

how is spirometery performed?

Answer 77

1. close nostrils with clip 2. inhale as much air as possible 3. seal lips around mouthpiece 4. exhale as hard and as quickly as you can 5. rest between each breath