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EQM351 > Respiratory System Exam 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Exam 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

-draw air into lungs, supplying oxygen
-transfer oxygen from air to blood
-acid/base regulation
-humidification of inspired air
-thermoregulation
-defense against environmental contaminants (ciliated mucosa sweep away particles)
-provide sensory input via olfactory cells
-communication
-increasing abdominal pressure

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2
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

abducts to open entry to the trachea

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3
Q

What is the limiting factor in competing animals?

A

always the respiratory system
everything else can be improved

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4
Q

Obligate nasal breathers

A

always breath through the nose, not both the nose and the mouth

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5
Q

What does cartilage look like when it is strong?

A

serrated edges and holds down the soft palate

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6
Q

Asynchronism

A

when the arytenoids close off sync from each other

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7
Q

Hemiplegia

A

-roaring
-when one arytenoid side does not open
-not enough air can get into the lungs, cannot perform as well

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8
Q

What is a fix for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

tongue ties

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9
Q

Gas exchange

A

bringing gas and blood to the alveolis
-transports O2 and CO2 between environment and tissues

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10
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree line with?

A

secretory ciliated epithelium

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11
Q

Mucociliary system

A

cells that produce mucus

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12
Q

What surrounds the airways from trachea to alveolar ducts?

A

smooth muscle - contracts to cause constriction and decrease surface area

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13
Q

Bronchoconstriction is a response to what?

A

adverse stimulus: cold air, allergies, infection, polen, asthma, etc.

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14
Q

Etiology

A

what a virus is

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15
Q

Influenza types

A

A, B, and C

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16
Q

What type of influenza do horses get?

A

only A

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17
Q

Which influenza type is more severe?

A

A

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18
Q

The influenza bacteria is ______

A

enveloped - derived in lipid envelope

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19
Q

What is embedded on the envelopes

A

500 spikes
-Hemagglutinin (H)
-Neuranimidase (N)

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20
Q

What is responsible for fusion between virus and host cell?

A

hemagglutinin

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21
Q

What is the major target of the host immune response?

A

hemagglutinin

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22
Q

What facilitates mobility of virus and assists in release of the budding viruses?

A

Neuranimidase

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23
Q

How many H subtypes are there?

A

16

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24
Q

How many N subtypes are there?

25
Where were all H and N subtypes acquired?
from aquatic birds
26
What H/N formula do horses get?
H7N7 and H3N8
27
H7N7
type of influenza horses get -hasn't been detected since the late 1970s -not included in vaccines
28
H3N8
-newer version -circulates around the world
29
Where can H3N8 not be found?
austrailia, new zealand, iceland
30
What are the two distinct lineages of H3N8?
american and european
31
Incubation period
time the animal comes in contact with virus to time they begin showing symptoms
32
How long is the influenza incubation period?
24-48 hrs.
33
Epidemiology
how the disease is maintained/spread
34
What age is the highest influenza incidence in?
2-3 year olds
35
Why is influenza rate highest in 2-3 year olds?
-they move around (causes stress which lowers immunity and increases cortisol) -they do not get as much turnout time -stress from starting to compete and traveling to compete
36
What are outbreaks caused by?
the large gathering of horses at racetracks, shows, sales, and airplanes
37
What can a secondary bacterial infection lead to ?
pneumonia
38
Morbidity
of the animals that got in contact with the virus, how many get sick
39
Mortality
of the horses that got sick, how many died
40
Morbidity of influenza
60-90%
41
Mortality of influenza
1%
42
How long can horses be immune to influenza after natural infection?
up to 32 weeks, immunity declining after
43
What does vaccination do?
-reduces the frequency of outbreaks -reduces the frequency of clinical signs -reduces recovery time
44
How long is influenza recovery?
for every 1 day a horse has a fever they need 1 week of rest
45
How long does it take for the epithelial cells to regrow after symptoms stop?
3 weeks
46
How is influenza spread?
-direct contact -droplets -airborne -maybe fomites
47
How long do horses shed virus for after infection?
7 days
48
Pathogensis
once the virus is contracted, what happens to the body
49
What is the target of influenza?
airway epithelial cells
50
What does virus replication lead to?
-cell death -desquamation -denudation
51
Clinical signs of influenza
-fever = 106 degrees -nasal discharge -cough -anorexia -weight loss
52
How long do clinical signs last?
2 weeks, cough stays longer
53
Treatment for influenza
-rest in a non-stressful environment -fluids -NSAIDs -antivirals (may cause CNS adverse effects or rapid drug resistance
54
How long before horses with influenza can return to activity?
50-100 days after the disease cleared
55
Modified live vaccines
-intranasal, cold adapted -6-12 months protection
56
Recombinant vaccines
-canary pox vector -excellent performance against the most recent viral lineages
57
When should a horse first be vaccinated?
as a foal, greater than 6 months of age
58
When should broodmares be vaccinated?
2-6 weeks pre-partum (~1 month before foaling)
59
How often should we vaccinate?
every 6 months in high-risk populations

EQM351 (28 decks)

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