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EQM351 > Salmonella > Flashcards

Salmonella Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 species of salmonella?

A

-S. enterica
-S. bongori

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2
Q

What types of animals does S. bongori infect?

A

cold blooded, reptiles

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3
Q

Does salmonellosis cause enteric or systemic disease?

A

both

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4
Q

Enteric disease is found:

A

in the GI tract

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5
Q

Systemic disease is found:

A

it can reach the bloodstream

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6
Q

How many subspecies does S. enterica have?

A

6

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7
Q

How many serovars does S. enterica have?

A

2000

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8
Q

Are S. enterica and S. bongori gram (-) or (+)?

A

gram (-)

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9
Q

What type of animals does S. enterica infect?

A

warm blooded animals

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10
Q

Is salmonella aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic (can live with or without oxygen)

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11
Q

When a horse has diarrhea there is always a risk of what?

A

laminitis

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12
Q

Host-adaptive

A

-it causes specific symptoms
-serovars produce systemic infections (not diarrhea)
-abortus-equi

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13
Q

Is salmonella host or non-host adaptive?

A

both

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14
Q

Typhoidal

A

-diarrhea
-typhoid fever
-paratyphoid fever

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15
Q

Non-typhoidal

A

diarrhea

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16
Q

Non-host adapted

A

-typhoidal or non-typhoidal
-typically produces colitis and diarrhea
-can produce systemic disease in neonates

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17
Q

What host-adapted Salmonella serovar causes abortion and hemorrhagic foal death?

A

abortus-equi

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18
Q

Where is abortus-equi rare?

A

in the US

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19
Q

Source of infection

A

-difficult to identify
-possibly feed already consumed
-infected animals

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20
Q

Route of infection

A

fecal oral –> water, feed, feces, worker contaminated hands, etc.

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21
Q

Where are outbreaks of salmonella most common?

A

in hospitalized animals

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22
Q

Who can shed the bacteria and infect other horses?

A

horses, cattle, and hogs

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23
Q

How is salmonella often passed from cattle to horses?

A

from neighboring farms with shared streams

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24
Q

Where should horses not drink from?

A

ponds and streams

25
Q

When do horses shed salmonella more?

A

in the summer more than the winter

26
Q

How long can salmonella persist in fecal matter?

A

months to years

27
Q

Good manufacturing procedures (GMP)

A

all commercial equine feeds are manufactured using GMP, but none are certified salmonella free

28
Q

What in the feed making process can destroy salmonella?

A

pelleting

29
Q

Up to what % of concentrate is positive for salmonella?

A

40%

30
Q

What can kill salmonella?

A

heat

31
Q

Where should fresh manure not be spread?

A

in pastures (should be composted first, the heat will kill the salmonella)

32
Q

What can contaminate feed?

A

rodent and bird feces
bodies of insects

33
Q

What are sources of pasture contamination?

A

-organic fertilizers or bone meals
-runoff from neighboring farms
-contaminated water is used in irrigation or sprinkling

34
Q

Do horses shedding salmonella bacteria always show symptoms?

A

no

35
Q

What animal sheds a lot of salmonella?

A

chickens

36
Q

Of horses presenting with diarrhea, what % were positive for salmonella?

A

18%

37
Q

What makes horses more resistant to salmonella?

A

-normal intestinal flora
-parastasis motility

38
Q

What are risk factors of salmonella infection?

A

-foals (young age)
-deworming
-high environment temps (summer)
Stress from:
-transportation
-surgery
-change in feed (change in flora)
-colic (diminished motility)

39
Q

How is salmonella transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

40
Q

What does the infection depend on?

A

bacterial load

41
Q

What cells does salmonella invade?

A

the intestinal epithelial cells

42
Q

What is the response to salmonella in the cells?

A

large inflammatory response:
-neutrophils release inflammatory mediators
-is responsible for epithelial cell destruction and loss of epithelial barrier functions

43
Q

What does the inflammation and epithelial necrosis result in?

A

loss of serum protein into the lumen which leads to hypoproteinemia

44
Q

What can salmonella cause?

A

-endotoxemia
-septicemia

45
Q

How does salmonella cause endotoxemia?

A

it releases endotoxins which effects cardiac function, causes fever, leukopenia, coagulopathies, hypotension

46
Q

Clinical signs

A

-silent carriers
-mild infection: fever, decreased feed intake, loose stools (may or may not shed, but can and will get sick)
-severe acute diarrhea: fever, colic, anorexia, fluid and electrolyte losses, dehydration, can lead to liver and kidney damage and laminitis
-septicemia
-abortion
-death

47
Q

When can you give antibiotics for salmonella?

A

if the infection is mild enough

48
Q

How can salmonella be diagnosed?

A

-fecal cultures - they are difficult
-bacterial isolation
-false (+) and false (-) are possible

49
Q

How is salmonella treated?

A

-antibiotics (controversial)
-fluids
-banamine
-corticosteroids are contra-indicated
-nursing care

50
Q

What does treatment prevent?

A

endotoxemia and laminitis

51
Q

When should antibiotics be used?

A

only in animals at risk for septicemia or persistent fever

52
Q

What antibiotic should be given to adult horses

A

fluoroquinolones (IM)

53
Q

What antibiotic should be given to foals?

A

cephalosporines

54
Q

How many negative tests are needed to rule out salmonella?

A

3

55
Q

How to prevent salmonella:

A

-cleanliness/good husbandry
-quarantine new arrivals (especially those coming back from the hospital)
-avoid overcrowding of pastures (creates stress, fighting, more manure)
-pelleted feeds
-control insect, rodent, and bird access in horse housing

56
Q

Is there a vaccine for salmonella?

A

no

57
Q

What is a big source of salmonella in humans?

A

-eggs and raw chicken (usually from the juice)
-ground beef

58
Q

Is salmonella zoonotic

A

yes

EQM351 (28 decks)

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