Gas Exchange Movement of gases (O2 and CO2) across the alveolar and capillary walls Accomplished via? The direction of diffusion determined by?

Passive Diffusion Partial Pressure Gradients: measure of concentration of gas

Aspects of the Diffusion Barrier Diffusion during gas exchange is governed by the following relationship: Amount of gas transported = _____/_____ x _____ 3 aspects of ficks law increased SA -\> _____ diffusion increased Partial Pressure -\> _____ diffusion increased thickness of barrier -\> _____ diffusion Lungs are highly _____ to maximize diffusion based on these factors

Surface Area/Thickness of Diffusion Barrier X (partial pressure gadient) Fick's Law increased increased decreased adapted

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin (Hb) is a large intracellular ____ - RBCs ____ subunits each with a ____ containing ____-group Each heme-group can _____ bind one O2 molecule One hemoglobin can carry up to ___ O2 molecules ______ = when unbound to oxygen _____ = when bound to oxygen

protein 4 subunits, iron containing Heme-group reversibly 4 Deoxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin

Respiratory System Normal Function Flashcards by Felita Salim

Internal (Cellular Respiration)- The Whole Point

Intracellular Respiration: AKA _____ ______ refers to the utilization of ___ and energy substrates (____) to produce energy in the form of (2), (1) is a byproduct

IS THE PURPOSE OF _______ _______

Cellular Metabolism, O2 and Food -> energy in form of ATP and Heat, CO2 byproduct

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

External Respiration

External Respiration is there to meet the needs of Internal Respiration

Delivery of O2 from external environment to the site of cellular respiration and the removal of CO2 from site of cellular respiration into external environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General Anatomy of Thoracic Cavity

Superior Margin:

Inferior Margin:

Encased by (2)

Clavicles

Diaphragm

Rib Cage and Diaphragm on bottom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Air Tight Seal

Purpose:

(1): lines cavity of each lung (sits against lung tissue)
(1): Membrane that sits against thoracic cavity wall and diaphragm
(1): Fluid that sits between these two membranes

To create a lower pressure than atomospheric and abdominal - critical in maintaining inflation of lungs and breathing

Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Intrapleural Fluid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General Anatomy

Airway Flow =
- (1): Largest main airway that’s supported by (1)
- (1): voice box
- (1): lose rings of cartilage and have smooth muscle surrounding walls

Mouth and Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> bifurcates into right and left bronchus -> Bronchioles -> Terminal bronchiole -> Respiratory Bronchiole -> Alveoli

Trachea, rings of cartilage
Larynx
Bronchioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bronchioles

(1): last bronchiole before gas exchange
(1): where gas exchange starts (have some alveoli coming out of it)
Site of Gas Exchange:

Terminal Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveolar Sacs (specifically at pulmonary capillaries)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alveolar Microanatomy

(1): Composed of flat endothelial cells that form wall of capillary, contain ___ (around same diameter - keeping it close to cap wall to minimize ____ ____)
Type I Alveolar Cell:
Type II Alveolar Cell:
Alveolar Macrophage:

Pulmonary Capillary: RBCs - minimize diffusion distance
Pink flat cells that form walls of alveolar sacs
responsible for producing Pulmonary Surfactant (substance that acs as detergent: reduces surface tension of water vapor (that likes to stick together) in alveolar sacs - prevents collapse
Phagocytizes any inhaled debris, dust, pathogenic organisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gas Exchange

Movement of gases (O2 and CO2) across the alveolar and capillary walls

Accomplished via?
The direction of diffusion determined by?

Passive Diffusion
Partial Pressure Gradients: measure of concentration of gas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mixture of Gases in Atmospheric Air

Atmospheric Pressure =

79% _____

21% _____

Trace amounts of __, __, and other ____

760mmHg (total pressure at sea lvl)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

CO2, H20, gases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Partial Pressure of Gases That Make up Atmospheric Air

Partial Pressure of N2 in Atmospheric air: PN2 = 760 x 0.79 = ____ mmHg
Partial Pressure of O2 in Atmospheric air: PO2 = 760 x 0.21 = ____ mmHg
PCO2 = ____ mmHg (so small bc like we said there are only trace amounts)

600
160
0.03

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Air in Lungs is Humidified

PH2O =

PN2 =

PO2 =

Since we are trying to get oxygen from alveolar space into the blood: partial pressure of O2 in alveolar space must be ____ than partial pressure of O2 in blood at site of gas exchange
O2 mixes with ____ ____ after inhalation -> dilutes air that we take in -> ___ PN2 and PO2

563 (from 600)

150 (from 160)

higher
water vapor -> decreases PN2 and PO2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Partial Pressure of Air in Alveoli

PO2 in Alveoli =

Less than __% of air in alveolar space is fresh air

Air that comes in gets ____ by air that was taken in by previous breaths -> and that air going to have higher __ concentration bc it moves from blood into alveolar space
Advantage of 15% turnover is air in the alveoli remains at 100mmHg whether you are breathing restfully in or out so at all time periods oxygenation in alveolar sacs is ____ -> gas exchange can happening at all times
- If you hold your breath for long period of time PO2 can go ___ (won’t go down in a few secs)
- If your exercise PO2 in alveolar sacs can go __

100

15%

diluted, high CO2
stable
- down
- up

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Partial Pressure Gradient for Oxygen

Alveolar PO2 constant from inhalation to exhalation bc (2)

Partial Pressure Gradient = __ mmHg

PO2: ____ (outside) -> ____ (in airways) -> _____ (in alveoli)
PO2 of deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillary space = __
PO2 of oxygenated blood going back to heart through pulmonary vein = __

only 15% “Fresh air”
O2 diffusing into blood

60 mmHg

160 -> 150 -> 100
40
100

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Partial Pressure Gradient for Carbon Dioxide

PCO2 in deoxygenated blood = ___
PCO2 in alveolar space = ___
PCO2 of oxygenated blood going back to the heart = ___
Partial Pressure Gradient = ___

So why does our body hold onto more CO2 then the amount in the environment?

To maintain healthy pH balance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aspects of the Diffusion Barrier

Diffusion during gas exchange is governed by the following relationship:

Amount of gas transported = _____/_____ x _____

3 aspects of ficks law
- increased SA -> _____ diffusion
- increased Partial Pressure -> _____ diffusion
- increased thickness of barrier -> _____ diffusion
Lungs are highly _____ to maximize diffusion based on these factors

Surface Area/Thickness of Diffusion Barrier X (partial pressure gadient)

Fick’s Law
- increased
- increased
- decreased
adapted

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Surface Area Available for Gas Exchange

Total SA of lungs = ___ m2

Compared to SA of ___ m2 if lungs were just hollow sacs of air

So big due to ______/anatomy of lungs: ____ pattern of airway branches into smaller and smaller branches then alveolar sacs

75m2 (size of tennis court)

01m2
* arrangement: branch pattern

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thickness of Diffusion Barrier

Thickness of diffusion barrier is very ____ in pulmonary system
Total thickness of this barrier = ___ micrometers (50x thinner than paper)
List of everything that stands between blood and alveoli (6)

small
0.5

Layer of surfactant
Alveolar epithelial cell
Interstitial space
Capillary endothelial cell
Plasma
RBC membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alteration Diffusion

Examples of Altered
- Surface Area (1)
- Thickness of Diffusion Barrier (1)
- Partial Pressure Gradient
  - Decreased Atmospheric PO2 (_____)
  - Decreased ____ of O2 to alveoli

Reduced # of functional alveoli
Thickening from Scar Tissue
- Altitude
- Delivery of O2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oxygen Carriage by Blood - Gas Transport

Oxygen is carried by blood in one of two ways + what percentage?

(2)

1.5% Physically Dissolved in Plasma (O2 is very poorly soluble in plasma)
98% Chemically Bound to Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a large intracellular ____ - RBCs
- ____ subunits each with a ____ containing ____-group
Each heme-group can _____ bind one O2 molecule
- One hemoglobin can carry up to ___ O2 molecules
______ = when unbound to oxygen
_____ = when bound to oxygen

protein
- 4 subunits, iron containing Heme-group
reversibly
- 4
Deoxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structure of Hemoglobin Protein

(1): Upper Chains
(1): Lower Chains
(1): that contains iron: in center of each unit that acts as ____ sites of oxygen
4xO2 = _____ Hgb
- And once one O2 binds to Hgb it alters the ____ of Hb to ____ bind to last 3 so you ____ find unsaturated Hb -> and vice versa if one comes off then the rest easily come off too

Beta Chains
Alpha Chains
Heme Group - iron -> binding sites of oxygen
Saturated Hb
- structure, easily, rarely find unsaturated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hemoglobin Oxygen Binding

The main factor that determines the binding of O2 to Hb is the ___

When all 4 O2 binding sites on Hb are occupied, Hb is ____ _____

The % of Hb saturation is determined by the ___ of blood

This relationship is simply a matter of ___ ____
- Hb + O2 <-> HbO2

The relationship between PO2 and %Hb saturation is NOT _____

PO2

fully saturated

PO2

Mass Action

NOT LINEAR

PO2 (partial pressure of O2 in plasma) is the main factor that determines binding of O2 to hemoglobin - bc determines the amount of O2 actually available to actually bind to Hgb

Is a reversible reaction: when there is low O2, oxyhemoglobin tends to unbind from O2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

At _____ levels of blood PO2, relationship is much more steep
Upper levels of blood PO2, relationship is more ____

This difference is highly adapted for Hb’s Job

Hb job in the lungs is to bind to O2, so under conditions of high PO2 in ____ capillaries it binds to O2 very tightly and doesn’t let go as it leaves the lungs, when it gets to tissues it readily ____ of O2
- Pulmonary Cap PO2 __-__
- Systemic Cap PO2 ~__

lower
flat
pulm cap tightly, in tissues lets go
- 95-100
- ~40

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Local Metabolic Changes also affect %Hb Saturation

Right Shift Curve when ____ Metabolic Activity
- CO2 =
- Acidity =
- Temperature =
- Result:
Left Shift Curve when _____ Metabolic Activity
- CO2 =
- Acidity =
- Temperature
- Result:
Conclusion:

Higher Metabolic Activity
- Higher (more metabolically active tissue)
- Higher (production of lactic acid)
- Higher
- Lower Hgb saturation bc Hb lets go of even more O2 to metabolically active tissues
Lower Metabolic Activity
- Lower
- Lower
- Cooler
- Higher Hgb saturation bc tissue doesn’t need it right now
Hb delivers more O2 to tissues that need it the most and less O2 to tissues that need it the least

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carbon Dioxide Carriage by Blood (3) And percentages

1. 10% Physically dissolved in blood (CO2 is higher in plasma bc more polar-again depending on PCO2 of plasma) 2. 30% Bound to Hemoglobin (binds to actual protein not the heme groups - doesn't compete with O2) 3. 60% in the form of Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Haldane vs. Bohr Effect ## Footnote **Haldane Effect:** **Bohr Effect:**

* Describes how oxygen concentrations determines hemoglobins affinity for carbon dioxide * When CO2 does bind to hemoglobin it reduces its affinity for O2, part of the mechanism above that as CO2 lvls rise, Hgb tends to let go of O2

Carbon Dioxide in the Form of Bicarbonate ## Footnote * CO2 diffuses across RBC membrane and in the presence of (1) has to interact with (1) to form (1) -\> which ionizes into 3H and (1) - all happening in the RBC * HCO3 exits and enters plasma through a?

* H20 -\> Carbonic Anhydrase -\> Carbonic Acid -\> Bicarbonate HCO3- * Secondary Active Transport Exchanger with Cl

Carbon Dioxide in form of Bicarbonate (Notes) ## Footnote * In Deoxygenated blood, CO2 ____ in plasma and you get ____ reaction * In Oxygenated blood, CO2 is getting _____ you get ____ reaction forming CO2 and leaving the cell * Chloride shift:

* climbs, forward reaction * removed, reverse reaction * CL is pushed back and forth in and out of the cell

Mechanics of Ventilation and Breathing ## Footnote Air moves down a pressure gradient * Negative gradient = \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Positive gradient = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Natural state of lungs is to be in a _____ position But in a healthy individual, they are in _____ position bc of unique ______ arrangement of thoracic cavity

* Inhalation * Exhalation collapsed inflated, anatomical

Anatomical Arrangement of Thoracic Cavity ## Footnote * **(1):** Serous membranes (sheets of connective tissue that produces fluid) line each lung * **(1):** lines the lungs * **(1):** lines the interior of the thoracic cavity ( * **(1):** fluid that fills intrapleural space in between these two membranes * There should not be air in this space, only this water based fluid - and water has a special property known as * **(1):** water molecules in solution are attracted to each other and sticks to itself -\> if you were to pull water molecules aparty they would resist that like ____ -\> Keeps lungs ____ by causing lungs to stuck to cavity \_\_\_\_\_

* **Pleural Membranes** * **Visceral Pleura** * **Parietal Pleura** * **Pleural Fluid** * **Surface Tension** -\> GLUE, INFLATED, WALL Any break in plueral membranes -\> lung collapses (pneumothorax)

Three Different Pressures ## Footnote 1. Atmospheric Pressure = 2. Intra-Aleolar Pressure = 3. Intrapleural Pressure = * Which way is air flowing?

1. 760 2. 760 3. 756 Nowhere, pressures in atmosphere and alveoli are equal right now

Intrapleural Fluid Cohesiveness = **Keeps Lungs \_\_\_\_** * Pressure in pleural space is 756 * Volume Pressure Relationship * Greater volume (thoracic cavity expands) -\> ___ pressure (inhalation) * Less volume (thoracic cavity shrinks) -\> ___ pressure (exhalation)

Water based intrapleural fluid sticks together like glue to **Keep Lungs Inflated** * Volume Pressure Relationship * Less pressure (more volume) * More pressure (less volume)

Transmural Pressure ## Footnote Keeps lungs ____ and chest \_\_\_\_\_ Transmural pressure gradient across lung wall = (1) - (1) Transmural pressure gradient across thoracic wall = (1) - (1)

lungs inflated, chest compressed ## Footnote Intraalveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure Atmospheric pressure - Intrapleural pressure

Major Muscles of Inhalation (2) Which are innervated by which nerves?

**External Intercostal Muscles -** Intercostal nerves **Diaphragm** - Phrenic nerve

Muscles of Inhalation (Notes) ## Footnote * The way we expand the thoracic cavity is by **\_\_\_\_\_** muscles that increase thoracic cavity volume * **(1):** big flat muscle that represents boundary between abdominal and thoracic cavity * When contracting, becomes ____ and increases _____ dimension of cavity * **(1):** muscles that sit between ribs, oriented in a crisscross pattern where internal intercostal muscle moves one way and this one moves the opposite way * When contracting, external muscles ____ the rib cage and increases _____ circumference * During rest, we have mild contraction of these movements (subtle movements of chest when we sleep)

* **contracting** * **Diaphragm** * flat, vertical * **External intercostal muscles** * ****lift, transverse

Before Inspiration External intercostal and diaphragm muscles are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** Net movement of air =

**Relaxed** No net movement

During Inspiration ## Footnote What happens to both intraalveolar and intrapleural pressure?

Both pressures drop

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles Involved in Forceful Inhalation (2) Both muscles help expand thoracic cavity by?

**Sternocleidomastoid** **Scalenus** By lifting the clavicle and sternum (skin sucks in the middle of neck and sides of clavicles - is very apparent when in use)

Passive Expiration ## Footnote Muscles are just \_\_\_\_\_\_ Pressure goes ___ in lungs as they recoil (get smaller) to push air out

Relaxing up

Muscles Involved in Forceful Exhalation (2) And how do these muscles function to forcefully exhale?

**Internal Intercostal Muscles:** pulls down on rib cage (trying to shrink it) **Abdominal Muscles:** push viscera and diaphragm up and into thoracic cavity

Breathing is Rhythmic ## Footnote What muscle drives this rhythmic activity?

**Diaphragm** that is innervated by the phrenic nerve

The Phrenic and Intercostal Nerves Terminate in the Spinal Cord ## Footnote * Intercostal Nerves - ______ Spinal Cord * Phrenic Nerve - _____ Spinal Cord (3)

* Thoracic * Cervical C3, 4, 5 ## Footnote Cell bodies of phrenic nerve sit high in C3, 4, 5 - so spinal cord injuries that are high above C3, 4, 5 that person will lose voluntary and involuntary contraction of diaphgram and rely on mechanical ventilation

Respiratory Control Centers in Brain Stem (2) (3) (2) Where ______ control of respiration originates Which Center is MOST IMPORTANT?

* **Medullary Respiratory Center** * ******Pre-Botzinger Complex** * **Dorsal Respiratory Group** * **Ventral Respiratory Group** * **Pons Respiratory Centers** * **Pneumotaxic Center** * **Apneustic Center** Involuntary Medullary Respiratory Center

Medullary Respiratory Center ## Footnote * **Pre-Botzinger Complex:** * **Dorsal Respiratory Group:** * **Ventral Respiratory** * Restful breathing flow: * Forceful breathing flow:

* Maintains the rhythmicity of breathing, controls the rate * Controls muscles involved in **restful breathing** (diaphragm, external intercostal muscles) * Controls **accessory muscles** * Pre-Botzinger complex -\> DRG -\> muscles * Pre-Botzinger complex -\> VRG -\> accessory muscles

Pons Respiratory Center ## Footnote * **Pneumotaxic and Apneustic Center:** * **Pneumotaxic center _____ inbreath** * **Apneustic center _____ inbreath** * Both are usually active at the same time to fine tune breathing and adjust breathing based on _____ demands (exercise increases rate and depth of breathing)

* **Regulates and Fine tunes** breathing by adjusting **rate and depth** of breathing by controlling duration of inhalation * **shortens** * **lengthens** * metabolic

Pontine Control of Breath ## Footnote * ___ \_\_\_ control of breathing + adjustment based on ____ information coming back from body about metabolic demands * Normal RR = * Normal Tidal Volume = * When we exercise you need more oxygen -\> metabolic demands change -\> respiratory ___ and ____ also change Control of Breathing 1. Efferent control: originates at the ____ group being fine tuned by \_\_\_ 2. Feedback of metaboli demands coming into the brain from (3) pieces of info your brain gets to adjust breathing

* Top down, sensory * 10-12 * ~500ml * rate and depth 1. medullary, pons 2. **PO2, PCO2, pH**

Apneusis ## Footnote A respiratory pattern that tends to occur after? characterized by? Brain injury is doing 2 things 1. Diminishing input from _______ center which ends up ____ of _____ center 2. Interference in brains ability to ____ sensory input from the body (bc usually should be enough to maintain a normal RR)

severe brain trauma, long gasps followed by short exhalation 1. pneumotaxic, increasing apneustic 2. interpret

Pulmonary Receptors, Negative Feedback (2)

**Pulmonary Irritant Receptors (PIR)** **Pulmonary Stretch Receptors (PSR)** All respond to both stretch and irritation but mainly respond to one more (day job + side job)

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors = * Found where? * Minimally sensitive to? * **Hering-Bruer Reflex =**

When lungs inflate too rapidly -\> overinflation of lungs and injury of lung tissue * bronchiole smooth muscle * irritation * Causes shallow rapid breathing when trying to exercise from 0-100 too quickly

Pulmonary Irritant Receptors (PIR) = * Located in ____ of airway - dispersed among _____ cells that line the airway (\_\_\_\_ ____ epithelial cells) * Less sensitive to? * Response: **Reflexive \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and breathing pattern that looks like a **\_\_\_\_** - designed to minimize exposure to irritant * **(1):** (not pictured) are irritant receptors and trigger the same reflex just located within (1) - juxta means next to capillary * same function just more concerned with preventing damage to site of exchange and preventing absorption of harmful substance into bloodstream

Protects lungs from chemical injury such as ammonia (smoke) * lumen, epithelial, ciliated columnar * stretch * **Bronchoconstriction, gasp** * **J "Juxtacapillary" Receptors**- alveolar sacs Like when someone smokes for first time, their chest tightens up and start to cough and can't catch breath bc their activating these irritant receptors like crazy

Metabolic Changes that Adjust Breathing (3) * **CO2 vs. O2,** which one does our body care about more and why? * **pH:** as ___ lvls rise, pH changes, also has a separate effect on breathing more related tot he contribution that the respiratory stem has in the body's control of pH

**PO2, PCO2, pH** * CO2 because directly reflects metabolic consumption and fluctuates more easily -\> so by using CO2 to control breathing you're allowing for the adjustment of breathing before you see a change in O2 * CO2

Chemoreceptors (2) =

**Central Chemoreceptors** **Peripheral Chemoreceptors** Receptors in the body that sense changes in PO2, CO2, pH

Central Chemoreceptors ## Footnote Located within _____ in the respiratory center * Don't have direct access to blood so ____ measures composition of blood by using \_\_\_ _Sensitivity to_ 1. PO2 = 2. PCO2 = 3. pH =

Brainstem * indirectly, CSF 1. Weakly sensitive 2. **Highly sensitive** 3. No sensitivity at all to plasma pH (bc hydrogen ions cannot cross BBB)

Peripheral Chemoreceptors ## Footnote Located at (2) * **(1):** sensory endings measuring composition of blood in aorta * **(1):** assessing composition of blood destined for brain _Sensitivity to_ 1. PO2 = 2. PCO2 = 3. pH =

Aortic Arch, Carotid Sinus * **Aortic bodies** * **Carotid bodies** 1. ****Moderate sensitivity 2. Weak sensitivity 3. **High sensitivity**

Sensitivity Analysis of Peripheral Chemoreceptors ## Footnote Peripheral chemo-receptors are the primary way our body senses ___ but arterial PO2 has to get to about \_\_mmHg aka 92% to even respond or care At this point, the _____ center stimulates increase in rate and depth -\> this is a **(1) mechanism** Does not contribute to ____ to ____ regulation of respiration

PO2, ,60mmHg Medullary -\> **EMERGENCY, LIFE-SAVING** x moment to moment

Sensitivity Analysis of Central Chemoreceptors ## Footnote **Responsible for (1) regulation** * PCO2 represents what's physically dissolved in \_\_\_\_\_ * Reason why its so important is bc it has to be dissolved in plasma before using it in the other (2) ways * Only the CO2 that's in the _____ can cross the ___ -\> once CO2 crosses, it can form bicarb in the CSF and effect CSF's __ which _____ chemoreceptors can sense

**Moment to Moment\*** * plasma * Bound to Hgb, Make Bicarb * plasma, BBB, pH, central

How Central Chemoreceptors Really do the Moment to Moment Regulation ## Footnote **Central chemo receptors indirectly measure blood (1) by directly measuring (1)** ******Which are ____ sensitive to changes in \_\_\_\_** Response: sense changes and stimulate ____ respiratory center, if increased PCO2 -\> ____ rate and depth of breathing to blow ___ CO2 * Chronically High PCO2 (ie emphysema) effects: * Rapid, Acute Increase in PCO2 effects:

**indirectly measure PCO2 by directly measure pH of CSF** **highly, PCO2** medullary, increased, blow off CO2 * central chemo receptors decrease in their sensitivity and stop responding * represents injury to brain -\> impaired function/suppression of respiratory function

Control of Arterial (H+) ## Footnote _2 sources of H+ concentration in circulation_ 1. **(1)** 2. **(1)** * _Peripheral Chemoreceptors are sensitive to_ __ and do not _____ between these two (any acidosis stimulates breathing) however * _Central Chemoreceptors are sensitive to_ ___ and will sense changes and respond before there is even a change in pH bc of multiple ____ systems

1. **CO2 derived acid in form of carbonic acid** 2. **Non-CO2 Metabolically derived acid** * ****pH, differentiate * PCO2, buffer

Example of Metabolically Derived Acid (1) * Uncontrolled and cannot get glucose into cells -\> body breaks down fat as an energy source and byproduct of fatty acid metabolism in \_\_\_\_: **results in ______ breathing (\_\_\_ventilation)** aka _____ compensation for metabolic acidosis * This is **sensed by the _____ chemoreceptors** and is not doing it for the sake of respiratory control but of pH control

**Type 1 DM** * ketones, **Kussmaul's** (**hyperventilation),** respiratory * **Peripheral**

Voluntary Control of Respiration ## Footnote Breathing under both involuntary and voluntary control * Which can override the other? What part of the brain? * Non respiratory acts such as?

* Voluntary pathway can override the involuntary system, cerebral cortex * Speaking, singing, whistling, coughing, sniffling, clearing throat

Respiratory System Normal Function Flashcards

(60 cards)