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HSC1007 > Respiratory Week 4 > Flashcards

Respiratory Week 4 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Intracellular metabolic reaction that uses O2 and produce CO2 during ATP production

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2
Q

What is external respiration

A

Transfer of O2 and CO2 between external environment and tissue cells

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3
Q

Which 2 systems work together to accomplish external respiration

A

Respiratory and circulatory systems

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4
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Metabolism

Acid-Base regulation

Endocrine function

Immunological function

Voice production by larynx

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5
Q

How does respiratory system regulate the acid-base

A

Removes CO2 and regulate pH (H+ ions) which are by products of metabolism

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6
Q

What is the clinical significance of respiratory system

A

Treatment of respiratory diseases (asthma, pneumonia, COVID)

Ventilation in anaesthesized and ICU patients

Smoker lungs

Emphysema

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7
Q

What is the issue associated with emphysema

A

Shortness of breath as a result of alveolar surface destruction which leads to lower surface area of O2 and CO2 exchange

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8
Q

How does respiratory system activate its endocrine function

A

It activates angiotensin II which causes greater fluid retention, greater fluid intake and increased BP and blood volume

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9
Q

How does respiratory accomplish its immunological function

A

It clears irritants and potential pathogens

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10
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between heart and major arteries

A

Aorta is involved in systemic circulation

Pulmonary trunk w/ L&R arteries is involved in pulmonary circulation

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11
Q

What are the components of respiratory airways

A

Upper RS
- larynx
- pharynx
- nasal passages

Lower RS
- trachea
- R&L Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli

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12
Q

Functional relationship between respiratory system and circulatory system

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation enters heart
  2. Deoxygenated blood leaves heart through pulmonary arteries to lungs
  3. Blood is oxygenated and CO2 released in lungs
  4. Oxygenated blood re-enters heart via pulmonary veins
  5. Distributed to rest of body via aorta and branches
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13
Q

What are alveoli known as

A

Sites of gas exchange

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14
Q

Where does the conducting zone begin and end

A

Trachea to terminal bronchioles (0-16 division)

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15
Q

Where does transitional and respiratory zone begin and end

A

From respiratory to alveolar sacs (17 - 23 divisions)

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16
Q

Why should we not assume the conducting and respiratory zones are as such

A

Varies with population, age and many other factors as respiratory zone could start from 15 division onwards

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17
Q

How many alveolar sacs are there

A

300 - 500 million alveoli

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18
Q

What does the visceral pleura line

A

Lungs

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19
Q

What does the parietal pleura line

A

Chest wall and diaphragm (inner thoracic wall)

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20
Q

What is the function of diaphragm besides inspiration and expiration

A

Separates thorax from abdomen

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21
Q

What is pleural space known as

A

Potential space

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22
Q

What is the issue if pleural cavity filled with excess fluid

A

Pleural effusion
- due to fluid leaking from capillaries
- increased hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

What is the issue if the pleural cavity is filled with excess air

A

Pneumothorax
- Due to lung puncture/collapse

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24
Q

What is the issue faced if excess fluid and air enter pleural cavity

A

Disrupts air movement in/out of lungs

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25
What are the 3 important pressure considerations in lungs
1. Atmospheric pressure 2. Intra-alveolar pressure 3. Intrapleural pressure
26
What is the atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg at sea level
27
What is the intra-alveolar pressure
Varies with ventilation
28
What is the intrapleural pressure
Normally 756mmHg
29
What is the difference between trachea-bronchi and bronchi-terminal bronchioles
Trachea-Bronchi = mainly cartilage, little smooth muscle Bronchi-Bronchioles = mainly smooth muscle
30
What are bronchi - bronchioles innervated by
autonomous nervous system - sympathetic = bronchodilation - parasympathetic = bronchoconstriction
31
What happens for people with asthma
Excessive bronchoconstriction
32
How is asthma treated
Beta2 - adrenergic receptor agonist bronchodilator
33
How does the treatment for asthma work
Relaxes smooth muscle in airways which allows air to flow in/out of lungs easier
34
What allows bronchi-bronchioles to constrict and dilate
Smooth muscle
35
What is ventilation
Movement of air in/out of respiratory tract
36
What property allows chest wall and lungs to expand and recoil
Elastic structures
37
What law do the lungs and air obey
Boyle's Law
38
Does all the inspired air undergo gas exchange within blood
No
39
What is the difference between physiological and anatomical dead space
Physiological - Volume of air that doesn't exchange with blood Anatomical - Air filled conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange
40
What is alveolar ventilation
Volume of air that reaches alveoli per min
41
How is alveolar ventilation calculated
(Tidal vol - Anatomical dead space) x breaths per minute
42
What are the protective mechanisms of airways
Protecting respiratory epithelium mucosa Protecting lungs
43
How is respiratory epithelium protected
Mucous secretion and humidification of air in upper passages
44
How are lungs protected
Alveolar macrophages ingest particles/pathogens when reaching lung Airway reflexes - Sneeze, cough, epiglottis closes glottis when swallowing Ciliary elevator - Moves particles trapped by mucus away from lungs Mucociliary trapping
45
What does defective ciliary movement result in
Lung infections
46
What does the epithelium of upper airways to trachea, bronchi, bronchioles have
Cilia and mucous
47
What do the respiratory skeletal muscles do during inspiration and expiration
Increase side to side dimension of thoracic cavity Increased vertical dimension of thoracic cavity Increased anterior-posterior dimension of thoracic cavity
48
Which direction does sternum move upon rib elevation
upwards and outwards
49
What is the difference between inspiration and quiet expiration
Inspiration is active whereas quiet expiration is passive
50
How far is the barrier separating air and blood
0.5 micro meters
51
What is the contact travel time between blood in capillaries and alveolus
0.75s
52
At rest, how long does it take for blood to be fully oxygenated
0.25s
53
How does gas exchange occur across the barrier between air and blood
Diffusion; From high to low concentration
54
What is constant regardless of inspiration and expiration
Transmural pressure gradient and lung is always stretched to some degree
55
When ventilation is stimulated, what changes occur
Increased inspiratory effect - increased lung vol - increased air drawn into lungs per unit time Increased expiratory effect - increased air expelled from lungs per unit time - decreased lung vol
56
Is transmural pressure gradient always present
Yes
57
Is lung always stretched regardless of inspiration and expiration
Yes
58
At the end of inspiration and expiration, is intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure
Yes, airflows continues until both pressure equilibrate
59
During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure?
False. Intra-alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure
60
During expiration, intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure
True
61
What is transmural pressure gradient
Difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure
62
What is the process of airflow during inspiration
Inspiratory muscles contract > thoracic cavity expands > intrapleural pressure becomes negative > transmural pressure becomes negative > lung inflates > intra-alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric > airflow until alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure
63
What is the difference between inspiration and quiet expiration
Airflow in inspiration is active whereas airflow in quiet expiration is passive

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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