Heart Part 3

Question 1

Flow rate definition

Answer 1

Volume of blood passing through per unit of time

Question 2

Blood pressure definition

Answer 2

Force exerted by blood against vessel

Question 3

Pressure gradient definition

Answer 3

Difference in pressure between beginning and end of vessel

Question 4

Resistance definition

Answer 4

Friction between blood and vascular wall

Question 5

Flow rate factors

Answer 5

Proportional to pressure gradient

Inversely proportional to resistance

Question 6

Factors of blood pressure

Answer 6

Dependent on
(1) distensibility of vessel walls
(2) volume of blood within vessel

Question 7

Systolic pressure

Answer 7

Max pressure when blood ejected into arteries

Question 8

Diastolic pressure

Answer 8

Minimum pressure when blood draining into rest of vessel during diastole

Question 9

What is Mean Arterial Pressure

Answer 9

Main driving force of blood flow

Average pressure driving blood forward

Pressure that is monitored and regulated by body’s blood pressure reflexes (homeostasis)

Question 10

How is Mean Arterial Pressure calculated

Answer 10

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

OR

2/3 Diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

Question 11

How is blood reconditioned

Answer 11

Reconditioned organs receive more blood than necessary to perform homeostatic adjustments to blood
- digestive tract: collect nutrient
- kidneys: remove waste and adjust water and electrolytes

Question 12

What is the function of arteries

Answer 12

Pressure reservoir and rapid transit passageways to organs

Question 13

How is pulse pressure calculated

Answer 13

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 14

Where can pulse waves be felt

Answer 14

Over major arteries

Question 15

How is pulse wave generated

Answer 15

Differences in systolic and diastolic pressure

Stronger difference = stronger pulse wave

Question 16

What properties of arteries create Pulse Pressure

Answer 16

Elastic properties of arteries help convert pulsatile flow of heart into more continuous flow in capillaries

Question 17

Why are capillaries designed as site of exchange

Answer 17

Thin walled

Extensive branching

Close proximity to cells for exchange

Question 18

How are RBCs positioned in capillaries

Answer 18

RBCs in single file

Question 19

Is the blood flow in capillaries faster than arteries?

Answer 19

No. Blood velocity is slower in capillaries than in arteries

Question 20

How are exchangeable proteins move across capillaries

Answer 20

Via vesicular transport

Question 21

How are small water soluble substances pass through capillaries

Answer 21

Via water-filled pores

Question 22

How are lipid substances pass through capillaries

Answer 22

Passes through endothelial cells

Question 23

Can plasma proteins pass through capillary walls

Answer 23

No

Question 24

What is the flow rate like in capillaries

Answer 24

Same throughout capillary tree due to increased surface area (5L/min)

Question 25

If muscle are more metabolic active, does that mean more capillaries are present?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

What is the purpose of pre-capillary sphincters

Answer 26

Control blood flow in capillaries since most are not open under resting conditions and lacks smooth muscle

Question 27

What happens when there is an increase in metabolic activity for capillaries

Answer 27

Increased metabolic activity = sphincters relax = more open capillaries = increased blood flow to active tissues

Question 28

Factors that induce vasoconstriction

Answer 28

increased O2, endothelin, sympathetic stimulus (cold, vasopressin, angiotensin II) decreased CO2

Question 29

Factors that induce vasodilation

Answer 29

Increased nitric oxide, co2 decreased o2, sympathetic stimulus (heat, histamine release)

Question 30

What are local vasoregulators of arterioles

Answer 30

Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular tone

Question 31

What is Vascular tone

Answer 31

State of partial constriction of arteriolar smooth muscle Establishes baseline of arteriolar resistance

Question 32

What are the factors that causes difference in flow to organs

Answer 32

Difference in vascularization Difference in resistance by arterioles supplying organs

Question 33

Effects of exercise

Answer 33

Increase in HR, Venous return, Stroke volume, Cardiac output, blood flow to active skeletal and heart muscles, MAP, Blood flow to skin Decrease in TPR, Bloodflow to digestive tract, kidneys and other organs No effect on bloodflow to brain

Question 34

What are vasopressin and angiotensin II

Answer 34

Potent vasoconstrictors

Question 35

What is the effect of vasopressin

Answer 35

maintains water balance

Question 36

What is the effect of angiotensin II

Answer 36

Regulates salt balance

Question 37

What hormones are adrenal hormones

Answer 37

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 38

Effect of epinephrine

Answer 38

Reinforce vasodilatory mechanisms of skeletal and heart muscles

Question 39

Effect of norepinephrine

Answer 39

Induces generalised vasoconstriction

Question 40

Factors of BP

Answer 40

CO and TPR

Question 41

What drains blood into right atrium

Answer 41

Coronary sinus

Question 42

What is the appendage of atrium

Answer 42

Auricle

Question 43

What part of the heart is found at the 4th/5th intercostal space along the midclavicular line

Answer 43

Apex of the heart

Question 44

What is the branch that delivers blood from arch of aorta to right side of the body

Answer 44

Brachiocephalic artery

Question 45

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery is also known as?

Answer 45

Anterior interventricular artery

Question 46

What is the posterolateral recess of the pleural cavity where fluid accumulation could occur

Answer 46

Costophrenic/Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 47

Untreated blockage of coronary arteries lead to?

Answer 47

Ischemia of the cardiac tissue

Question 48

What is the outermost layer of the heart

Answer 48

Epicardium

Question 49

How to differentiate middle mediastinum from the anterior and posterior

Answer 49

If it is inside the fibrous pericardium, it is middle mediastinum.

Question 50

What is the things associated with anterior and posterior mediastinum

Answer 50

Anterior mediastinum - phrenic nerves - thymus Posterior mediastinum - Descending aorta - Esophagus

Question 51

What is the muscle unique to right atrium

Answer 51

Pectinati muscles (Musculi pectinati)

Question 52

what do veins function as

Answer 52

Blood reservoir