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HSC1007 > CVS Week 4 > Flashcards

CVS Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are reconditioned organs

A

Reconditioned organs receive more blood than needed to perform homeostatic adjustments

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2
Q

Examples of reconditioned organs

A

Digestive tract: collects nutrients

Kidneys: Adjust water & electrolytes and remove wastes

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3
Q

Define flow rate

A

Volume of blood passing through per unit time

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4
Q

Factors of flow rate

A

Directly proportional to pressure gradient

Inversely proportional to resistance

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5
Q

Define blood pressure

A

Force exerted by blood against vessel

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6
Q

Define pressure gradient

A

Difference in pressure between beginning and end of vessel

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7
Q

Define resistance

A

Friction between blood and vascular wall

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8
Q

What allows for pulse pressure

A

Elastic properties of arteries help convert pulsatile flow of heart into more continuous flow in capillaries

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9
Q

How to calculate pulse pressure

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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10
Q

Where can pulse waves be felt

A

Major arteries

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11
Q

What causes pulse waves

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What determines the pulse wave strength

A

Stronger difference between systolic and diastolic pressure = stronger pulse wave

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13
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

Rapid transit passageways to organs and acts as a pressure reservoir

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14
Q

What factors determine the blood pressure

A

Depends on
1) distensibility of vessel walls
2) volume of blood within vessel

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15
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

max pressure when blood ejected into arteries

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16
Q

define diastolic pressure

A

minimum pressure when blood draining into rest of vessel during diastole

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17
Q

Define mean arterial pressure

A

Main driving force of blood flow

Average pressure driving blood forward

Constantly monitored and regulated by body’s blood pressure reflexes

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18
Q

How is Mean Arterial Pressure calculated

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

OR

2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

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19
Q

Why does pressure drop from arteries to veins

A

Due to increasing non-pulsatile property (smoother flow)

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20
Q

In arteries, there is little resistance and hence little pressure lost which means…

A

pressure constant throughout arterial tree

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21
Q

Notch formed in a blood pressure graph is due to…

A

Aortic valve closing

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22
Q

What is the blood flow like in capillaries compared to arteries

A

Slower than arteries

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23
Q

How are RBCs aligned in capillaries

A

Single file

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24
Q

Why are capillaries designed as sites of exchange

A

Thin walled, extensive branching and close proximity to cells for exchange

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25
What changes occur when blood goes from arteries to capillaries to veins
Flow velocity drops at capillaries but goes back up to normal Cross section area increases at capillaries but goes back down to normal
26
Why is the total flow rate of capillaries the same throughout circulatory tree
Due to increased surface area
27
What is the flow rate like in capillaries
5L/min
28
What has the same flow rate of capillaries
Cardiac output
29
Can plasma proteins cross the capillary wall
No
30
Can exchangeable proteins pass through capillaries
Yes via vesicular transport
31
Can water soluble substances pass through capillaries
Yes through water filled pores
32
Name examples of water soluble substances in capillaries
Na+, K+
33
Can lipid soluble substances pass through capillaries
Yes via endothelial cells
34
Name examples of lipid soluble substances in capillaries
O2, Co2
35
The more metabolic active tissues have more capillaries
True
36
Why do we have pre-capillary sphincters
Many capillaries are not open under resting conditions and capillaries have no smooth muscle
37
What do pre-capillary sphincters do
Control blood flow at capillaries
38
What happens to pre-capillary sphincters when metabolic activity occurs
Increased metabolic activity = sphincters relax = more capillaries open = increased blood flow to active tissues
39
What is endothelin
Potent vasoconstrictor
40
How are arterioles regulated
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
41
How is vasodilation induced
Increased CO2, Nitric Oxide Decreased O2, sympathetic stimulus
42
How is vasoconstriction induced
Increased O2, endothelin, sympathetic stimulus (cold, vasopressin, angiotensin II) Decreased CO2
43
Local control of arteriolar radius is important for what
Determining cardiac output distribution
44
What are local vasoregulators of arterioles
Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular tone
45
What is vascular tone
State of partial constriction of arteriolar smooth muscle Establishes baseline of arteriolar resistance
46
What determines the blood flow to organs
Difference in vascularization Difference in resistance by arterioles supplying organs
47
What is nitric oxide
potent vasodilator
48
Which area does sympathetic fibers not supply arteriolar smooth muscle
The brain because it needs constant cardiac output regardless of situation
49
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes
generalized Vasoconstriction
50
decreased sympathetic stimulation causes
generalized vasodilation
51
Why is extrinsic control of arteriolar radius important
Important in regulating blood pressure
52
Does arterioles have parasympathetic innervation
No except penis and clitoris
53
When does local controls override sympathetic vasoconstriction
Exercise Exercise = increased sympathetic stimulus = generalized vasoconstriction = metabolic activity of skeletal muscles (ex: leg) induces vasoconstriction override = more blood goes to leg = less blood to rest of organs (ex: arm)
54
What does cardiovascular control center do
Controls sympathetic stimulus
55
What are examples of adrenal hormones
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
56
What does norepinephrine do
Induce generalized vasoconstriction
57
What does epinephrine do
Reinforces local vasodilatory mechanisms mostly in skeletal muscles and heart To a weaker extent, generalized vasoconstriction
58
What are angiotensin II and vasopressin
Potent vasoconstrictors
59
What does vasopressin do
Maintain H2O balance
60
What does angiotensin II do
Regulates salt balance
61
What do vasopressin and angiotensin II do
Both help with water retention and maintaining blood volume and pressure
62
What are the effects of exercise
Increased HR, CO, SV, venous return, blood flow to active skeletal and heart muscle, skin, MAP Decreased TPR, blood flow to digestive tract, kidneys and other organs No effect on brain
63
Why does TPR drop when exercise occurs
Skeletal muscles, heart and skin decrease to a greater extent than resistance in other organs
64
Why does blood flow increase to active skeletal muscles and heart
Epinephrine vasodilatory effect overpowers weaker sympathetic vasoconstrictor effect
65
Why is blood pressure closely regulated
Must be sufficient to maintain blood flow and tissue perfusion (fluid exchange)
66
What is blood pressure affected by
CO and TPR
67
What is TPR affected by
Blood viscosity and arteriolar radius
68
What happens when BP is too high
Heart is overworked = vascular damage = small vessel rupture
69
What is venous return
Blood returning to heart
70
What are the properties of veins
Low resistance, low elastic tissue, low smooth muscle
71
What do veins function as
Blood reservoir
72
What can veins do to increase BP
Decrease storage size to increase venous return
73
What is venous capacity
Amount of blood veins can hold
74
What does venous capacity depend on
Distensibility of blood vessels and other pressures such as skeletal muscle pressing on it
75
How is venous return regulated
Sympathetic innervation, gravity, respiratory activity, cardiac suction, skeletal muscle activity
76
What does sympathetic innervation do to veins
Vein vasoconstriction - increased flow from decreasing capacity (squeeze more blood already present) Arteriole vasoconstriction - decreased flow from increasing resistance
77
How does skeletal muscle activity regulate venous return
Muscles contract = veins compressed = decreased venous capacity = increased venous pressure
78
What is venous return like when lying down
Equal
79
What does gravity do when standing up in terms of venous return
Vessels below heart subjected to gravity Distensible veins yield under hydrostatic P In leg, post capillary blood pools in extended veins - decreased venous return = decreased cardiac output
80
Lying down and stand up effect on venous return
Triggers sympathetic venous vasoconstrictions which drives blood forward but is interrupted by skeletal muscle pump
81
What is the term used when someone stands up after lying down
postural hypotension
82
Why do people faint after standing still for hours
Decreased blood flow to brain = decreasing circulating volume despite reflexes to maintain MAP = fainting in horizontal position
83
What is the effect of gravity on valves
Valve stop blood from going backwards and minimize backflow
84
What causes varicose veins
Incompetent venous valves aggravated by frequent long duration of standing and cannot support column of blood above it and collapses
85
What is the sound heard when doing BP analysis
Korotkoff sound
86
What are the types of hypertension
primary and secondary
87
What are the complications of hypertension
progressive vision loss, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy
88
What are the potential causes of hypertension
Excessive dietary salt and disturbance of renin-angiotensin system leading to increased blood volume
89
What happens to baroreceptor for those with hypertension
Adapts to operate at a higher level
90
How is BP regulated in short term
By baroreceptors BP drops = baroreceptor detects it = transmits intel to cardiovascular control center = increased sympathetic and decrease parasympathetic stimulus = increased HR, SV, arteriole vasoconstriction (increased TPR), venous vasoconstriction (increased CO) = increased BP
91
How is BP regulated in long term
Renin angiotensin system of kidney (less urine made) Reabsorption of fluid by kidney to maintain salt and water
92
Respiratory activity influence on venous return
External pressure gradient between lower veins (atm P) and chest veins (less than atm P)
93
Cardiac suction effect on venous return
Ventricular contraction - AV valves close but drawn downward = atrial cavity enlarges = atrial pressure temporarily drops below 0mmHg and sucks more blood into atria Ventricular relaxation - AV valves open = rapid expansion of ventricles = suction effect created = more blood sucked in

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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