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Host and Defense > Review 1.1 > Flashcards

Review 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Yeasts

A

single cells
colonies in culture.

creamy, mucoid.
facultative anaerobes

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2
Q

molds

A

multicellular, filamentous.

colonies in culture
fuzzy, velvety. obligate aerobes!!

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3
Q

Hyphae

A

threadlike filaments, main mode of growth

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4
Q

mycelium

A

hyphae interweave

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5
Q

pseudohyphae

A

not true hyphae, candida has both.

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6
Q

fungal cell wall

A

contains ergosterol, target of Azoles.

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7
Q

14a-demethylase

A

synthesizes ergosterol

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8
Q

1-3 b-D-glucan synthase

A

involved in the generation of beta-glucan in fungi.

It serves as a target for antifungal drugs

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9
Q

Mannan

A

a linear polymer of the sugar mannose, cell wall polysaccharide found in yeasts.

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10
Q

Candida Albicans

A

part of normal flora
found in skin, mouth, RT, bowel, vagina

Common infections:
thrush, vaginitis, balanitis, diaper rash, esophagitis, intra-abdominal abscesses, blood stream

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11
Q

pathogenic fungi

A

coccidiodes immitis/posadasii- dimorph

candida- opportunistic

Rhizopus- opportunistic

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12
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

geographically restricted

Mold @ 25-30 degrees

Yeast @ 35-37 degrees

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13
Q

Virus definition

A

Little (20-300nM)
cannot replicate on their own- obligate intracellular

composed of nucleic acids and proteins, can have envelope.

No organelles

Prolific replication, many progeny at a time.

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14
Q

Tegument

A

a cluster of proteins that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid of all herpesviruses. The tegument generally contains proteins that aid in viral DNA replication and evasion of the immune response

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15
Q

capsid

A

Protein shell, encloses the genetic material of the virus.

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16
Q

Oncogenic Viruses

A 
HPV- cervical
EBV- Lymphoma, nasopharyngeal
KSHV- Kaposi's, lymphoma
Hep B and c- hepatocellular 
HTLV-1- t-cell lymphoma
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17
Q

p53

A

the guardian of genome: prevents transmission of DNA mutations.

causes cell to stop growing, or apoptose.

Mutated in disease.

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18
Q

Rb

A

Retinoblastoma protein

prevents cell cycle progression

helps control normal cell division

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19
Q

Bacterial Cell wall

A

maintains cell shape,controls influx and eflux, protects against osmotic lysis.

Site for:
Respiratory chains, secretion systems, adhesins.

contains ligands for

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20
Q

G+

A

peptidoglycan, stains purple

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21
Q

G-

A

LPS, stains pink.

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22
Q

how are pathogens sserotyped?

A

Cell wall

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23
Q

O antigen

A

outermost polysaccharide

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24
Q

differences between bacteria and host

A

single, circular chromosome

no nucleus, organelles

cell wall components

70S ribosomes

metabolism and replication

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25
Q

mycobacteria

A

bacilli, obligate aerobes

high lipid content in wall,

MYCOLIC ACID- waxy coat

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26
Q

AFB

A

Acid fast bacilli

binds carbol fuchsin dye

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27
Q

acid fastness

A

resistance to decolorization by acid

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28
Q

MTB

A

tuberculosis, inhaled, persists in lymph nodes

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29
Q

primary lesion TB

A

foamy giant cells form caseous core that inhibits bacterial growth.

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30
Q

Latent TB

A

when TB persists in affected tisues, and lesion free tissues.

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31
Q

reactivated TB

A

cavitating lesion, when immunosuppressed, HIV or smoking.

very small minority, 5-10%, of people get activation.

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32
Q

ghon complex

A

calcified focus of infection and associate lymphnode

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33
Q

mycobacteria species

A

M. tuberculosis

M. avium-intracellulare

M. kansasii

rapid growers

M. leprae

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34
Q

viral replication

A

can have ssDNA, ssRNA, or ds either.

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35
Q

DNA viruses

A

if replication occurs in nucleus, they can use cellular RNA pol to make mRNA

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36
Q

dsDNA viruses

A

can use either cellular DNApol or make their own.

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37
Q

ssDNA viruses

A

have to first replicate their DNA using cellular DNApol

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38
Q

Poxviruses

A

if replication occurs in cyto, they bring their own machinery.

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39
Q

+ strand viruses

A

can make protein directly from their genome. acts as mRNA

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40
Q
  • strand viruses
A

must make their own RNA-dependent RNA pol to make RNA

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41
Q

Retroviruses

A

must reverse transcribe their DNA and use cellular RNA pol

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42
Q

how are live attenuated vaccines generated?

A

genetic reassortment, make new virus that doesnt cause disease.

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43
Q

what surrounds the viral tegument?

A

envelope

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44
Q

what is the viral capsid made of?

A

protein

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45
Q

how do viruses infect a host cell?

A 
bind to target cell
endocytosis
fusion, release of genetic material.
replication- protein synth
assembly
budding
release
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46
Q

Virion RTase

A

reverse transcriptase- brought along, with virus

AKA RdDp- RNA dependent DNA pol

47
Q

Virion RdRp

A

RNA dependent RNApol, included in virus

48
Q

Antigenic drift

A

slow, by point mutations. Leads to gradual small changes in antigen that can have a clinical significance

49
Q

antigenic shift

A

more drastic, sudden change in genome.

**Two viruses one host!

50
Q

Latent cycle

A

the virus exists as a circle (plasmid) in the nucleus and is replicated passively by the host DNA replication machinery –important for understanding drug sensitivity.

Latent transcription is restricted and has relevance for persistence and transformation

51
Q

Lytic cycle

A

When reactivated, linear genomes are produced by a rolling circle mechanism

Viral transcription and DNA replication occurs in the nucleus; the particle assembles and exits from epithelial cells in the skin causing a primary infection.

52
Q

where does herpes remain latent?

A

epithelial cells and neurons

as well as VZV

53
Q

CMV latency locations

A

ductal epithelium and leukocytes

54
Q

EBV latency locations

A

oropharyngeal epithelium and B lymphos

55
Q

KSHV latency locations

A

Endothelium and B lymphos

56
Q

antigenic variation

A

type of a phase variation, where an organism can change the antigen it expresses to evade host immune cells.

57
Q

HGT

A

horizontal gene transfer

intergenic recombination, transformation, plasmid, exogenous DNA, conjugation, transposon, transduction, phage

58
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

cell donates DNA to another, recipient incorporates it into genome

59
Q

bacterial transduction

A

cell releases phage which infects recipient cell with genetic material, which is incorporated into genome.

60
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

sex

transposon is incorporated into plasmid then shared. incorporated into other cell genome.

61
Q

gram stain sequence and colors

A
  1. crystal violet- purple for G+
  2. iodine
  3. alcohol
  4. safranin. -pink for G-
62
Q

G+ bacteria from lab

A

Staph, strep, bacillus, c. diptheroids, candida*

63
Q

G- bacteria from lab

A

Neisseria, pseudomonas, E. coli, haemophilus

64
Q

staph growth on media

A

white, large, beta hemolytic on blood

grows on chocolate and colistin naladixic acid

65
Q

colistin naladixic acid

A

selects for G+ bacteria

66
Q

MacConkey agar

A

selects for G-, but also lactose differential.

pink- lactose fermentor

yellow- non lactate fermentor

67
Q

pseudomonas growth on media

A

grows on blood, beta hemolytic, grows on chocolate, grows on MAC, yellow- non lactose.

68
Q

e. coli growth on media

A

grows on sheep and chocolate and MAC, beta hemolytic, , pink on mac= lactose fermentor

69
Q

haemophilus

A

only grown on chocolate!!!!!!!!!!!!

fastidious.

70
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and under the colonies: the area appears lightened (yellow) and transparent

71
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis.

72
Q

protozoa

A

euks, harder to target since they are similar to us.

life cycles, clinincal manifestation, geography.

73
Q

acanthamoeba sp.

A

Acanthamoeba is able to form metabolically inactive cysts which are resistant to fluctuations in temperature and pH levels.
Cysts are also resistant to attack by the host immune system and facilitate the recurrence of infection.

G: Most species are free-living bacterivores, but some are opportunists that can cause infections in humans and other animals.

found in fresh water.

74
Q

leishmania donovani

A

It is a human blood parasite responsible for visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar, the most severe form of leishmaniasis.

M: It infects the mononuclear phagocyte system inhibiting oxidative burst. Infection is transmitted by a species of sandfly

LC: Leishmania donovani is a digenetic parasite passing its life cycle in two different hosts.

most common amoeba

75
Q

naegleria fowleri

A

free-living, thermophilic excavate form of protist typically found in warm bodies of fresh water.

LC: cyst, trophozoite, flagellate.

infects nervous system»> death!

76
Q

taxoplasma gondii

A

come from cat poop.
cyst, trophozoite.

invades macros

toxoplasmosis when immunocompromised.

“tom and jerry” might cause behavior changes in mice, to transmit disease.

77
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A

trypomastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote, infection.

uptaken by macros, escape phags with pore forming protein.

disseminaates into muscle and nervous tissue.

immune “control”

78
Q

tripanosoma brucei

A

african sleping sickness
coma>death.

EXTRACELLULLAR REPLICATION AND DISEMINATION

evades immune sys through variable antigen, massive b-cell proliferation, IgM production

79
Q

leishmania new world

A

brazilensis- muco,

donovani- visceral

80
Q

leishmania old world

A

l. donovani

81
Q

west

A

brucei gambiense
gamble out west

mostly human resevoir

CHRONIC

82
Q

east

A

brucei rhodiense

rhoseisland back east

mostly antelope resevoir, subacute- weeks/months

83
Q

Innate immunity

A

Rapid

fixed

limited number of specifities

constant during response*

84
Q

Adaptive

A

slow response

variable

numerous highly selective specifities

improves during response.

85
Q

acute inflamation

A

begins immediately, last minutes to days.

neutrophils, vessels, mast cells.

86
Q

chronic inflamation

A

begins ~1 or more days later

Lymphos, macros, plasma cells

87
Q

granulomatous inflamation

A

variant of chronic

aggregates of epitheloid histiocytes, giant cells, lymphocytes.

88
Q

primary lymph organ

A

site where lymphocytes are born or mature.

only bone marrow, and thymus

89
Q

secondary lymph organ

A

where lymphs are activated

90
Q

what is the common effector mechanism of both immunity systems?

A

destruction of pathogens

91
Q

when is an infection eradicated?

A

when the numbers are controlled.

92
Q

how do innate and adaptive immune responses integrate?

A

phagocytes talk to T-cells in germinal centers

93
Q

clonal distribution of receptors

A

clones of lymphocytes with distinct specificities express different receptors.

94
Q

non-clonal distribution of receptors

A

clones of lymphocytes with distinct specifities express different receptors.

95
Q

discrimination between self an non-self

A

both immune responses have this capacity.

lymphocytes

96
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A

defective NADPH oxidase

GP-91 subunit is deffective, X-linked.

97
Q

PAMP

A

pathology associated molecular pattern- detected by TLR

98
Q

TLR4

A

LPS, mannans, parasitic phospholipids, viral envelope proteins, heat shock proteins.

99
Q

TLR5

A

flagellin

100
Q

how do TLRs induce a response

A

recruitment of adapter proteins

recruitment and activation of protein kinases

activation of transcription factors

gene transcription

EPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AN OTHER CYTOKINES.

101
Q

MIC/HLA

A

MHC like receptor ligand that induce cell killing by NK cells.

102
Q

generalized cytokine receptor signaling pathway

A

Jak-stat pathway

LOOK UP!!!!!!!!!

nice picture in review slides

103
Q

IL-6

A

fever, induces acute phase protein production by liver.

104
Q

TNF-a

A

increases vascular permeability, increases fluid drainage.

fever, mobilization of metabolites.

SHOCK

105
Q

IL-1b

A

activates vascular endothelium
activates lymphocytes

local tissue destruction

increases access of effector cells

fever- production of IL-6

106
Q

CXCL8

A

chemotactic factor, recruits PMNs and basos to infection site.

107
Q

IL-12

A

activates NK cells

108
Q

cytokines

A

secreted by macros

109
Q

NF-κB

A

a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens.

110
Q

interferon gamma

A

kills bugs and recruits macros

111
Q

interferon beta

A

paracrine, makes other antiviral

112
Q

interferon alpha

A

.

113
Q

C1 through 9 with 4 out of line

A

.

Host and Defense (22 decks)

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