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Anatomy > review > Flashcards

review Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles
internal intercostals
diaphragm

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2
Q

What does external intercostal do?

A

muscles pull the ribs upward and outward

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3
Q

What does internal intercostas

A

help elevate the ribs

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4
Q

What does diaphragm?

A

contracts, flattens, and drops enlarging the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Have valves to prevent backflow
Move lymph only in one direction, away from the tissues

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6
Q

What is the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and the thymus

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7
Q

What does the red bone marrow do?

A

Site lymphocytes are produced and where B-lymphocytes mature

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8
Q

What does thymus do?

A

Site where T-lymphocytes mature

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9
Q

What is the secondary lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

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10
Q

What does lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph, contain phagocytes

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11
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Contain lymphocytes, guard against pathogens

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12
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Contains lymphocytes, stores blood, destroys old red blood cells

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13
Q

What does natural active immunity?

A

occurs when the body produces antibodies or T cells after being exposed to a particular antigen

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14
Q

What does artificial immunity?

A

results when the body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination

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15
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

results when a fetus acquires antibodies from the mother through the placenta, or when a baby acquires them through breast-feeding

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16
Q

What is artifical passive immunity

A

involves obtaining serum from a person or animal that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen and then injecting it into someone else

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17
Q

What are tonsils?

A

are masses of lymphoid tissue.
They guard against pathogens entering the body through the nose or throat.

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18
Q

Is the spleen the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What pulps does the spleen contain?

A

White and red pulps

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20
Q

What does the white pulp contain?

A

lymphocytes

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21
Q

What does the red pulp contain?

A

erythrocytes and phagocytic cells.

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22
Q

What is the term used to describe the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath?

A

Vital capacity

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23
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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24
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

They roam the body

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25
Q

What do the macrophages do?

A

Stay in strategic areas of the body

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26
Q

What is the medical term for fever?

A

Phyrexia

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27
Q

What are 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

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28
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

develop from stem cells in red bone marrow

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29
Q

What are antibodies also called?

A

immunoglobulins [Ig]

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30
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any molecule that triggers an immune response.

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31
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells (long lasting)

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32
Q

What is passive immunity

A

When immunity results from an injection of antibodies from another person or animal (short term

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33
Q

What is celluar immunity?

A

Destroys pathogens within a cell

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34
Q

What are the 3 classes of celluar immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells, helper t cells and memory cells

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35
Q

What cytotixc T cells do?

A

Attacks and kills other cells

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36
Q

What does Helper T cells do?

A

Secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils, NKC and Macrophages, also stimulate production of T and B cells

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37
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Remember the pathogen in case of future infection

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38
Q

What does Celluar (cell-mediated) immunity do?

A

Focus on destroying foreign cells or infected cells

39
Q

What does humoral ( cell-meidated) immunity do?

A

Focus on pathogens outside the cell

40
Q

does humoral immunity use antibodies to mark it for destruction?

A

Yes

41
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

Directed against a specific pathogen

42
Q

What are the 2 mechanism of Specific immunity?

A

Celluar and humoral immunity

43
Q

What is natural active?

A

You get the disease

44
Q

What is Artifical active?

A

You get vaccinated

45
Q

What is natural passive

A

Passed from Mom to Baby through breastfeeding

46
Q

What is artifical passive

A

You are given the antibodies to fight the disease

47
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction of the heart

48
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxion of the heart

49
Q

What are examples of first line defence?

A

skin, mucous, lyzomine in tears

50
Q

Second line defence?

A

non specific immunity

51
Q

non specific immunity

A

Phagocytosis
Antimicrobial proteins
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Fever

52
Q

Third line of defence called?

A

Specific immunity

53
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

this occurs when the body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it.

54
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

cells whose sole job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles

55
Q

Mucus, tears, and saliva contain an enzyme called

A

lysozyme

56
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

destroys bacteria

57
Q

The two important phagocytes are

A

neutrophils and macrophages.

58
Q

The process whereby inflamed cells summon neutrophils is

A

chemotaxis

59
Q

The term for fever is

A

pyrexia

60
Q

Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called an

A

antigen

61
Q

B lymphocytes are responsible for

A

making antibodies

62
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air that can be inhaled AFTER normal inhalation

63
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air that can be exhaled AFTER normal exhalation

63
Q

Residual volume

A

Air that remains in lung even after forced expiration (about 1300 mL)

64
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in deepest possible breathing

65
Q

Total lung capacity

A

: Maximum amount of air the lings can contain (vital capacity + residual volume)

66
Q

lub sounds is when

A

closing of the Av valves

67
Q

Dub is when

A

closing of the semilunar valves

68
Q

What is somatic

A

– skeletal muscle response

69
Q

Visceral

A

involves an organ

70
Q

P Wave is

A

Atrial depolorization

71
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolorization

72
Q

ST segement

A

end of ventricular deplorization

73
Q

T wave is

A

ventricular repolarization

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Anatomy (18 decks)

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