Ruminant Male Repro Sx

Question 1

Two common problems of prepuce in bulls corrected by surgery ?

Answer 1

Preputial injuries

Avulsion

Question 2

4 common problems of the bull penis corrected by surgery?

Answer 2

1. Persistent Frenulum
2. Tumors
3. Penile Deviation
4. Penile hematoma

Question 3

Surgeries to create Teaser animals?
1. \_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer 3

1. Vasectomy/epididectomy
2. Penile - prepuce translocation
3. preputial pouch
4. Corpus cavernosal block
5. anchoring sigmoid flexure
6. pexy of retractor penis muscles.

Question 4

3 main arteries of the penis:

Answer 4

Deep artery (through the corpus cavernosum)

Bulb (through corpus spongiosum

Dorsal Artery

Question 5

Muscular contraction of ____ and _____ enable erection in bulls

Answer 5

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus

Question 6

How does the deep artery of the penis affect erections?

Answer 6

It has a closed system of corpus cavernosum with extremely high blood pressure

Question 7

Methods to extend the bull penis for examination:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 7

1. Manually - young bulls only
2. Sedation via xylazine or acepromazine
3. Pudendal nerve block

Question 8

Timing of Castration in Bulls:

1. Best to perform (young/old)? Why?
2. Counter argument?

Answer 8

1. Best done early ( 1-3 months of age)
   Welfare considerations. Doesn’t normally affect growth if using growth implants.
2. Better growth if old, some claim “Callicrate” is humane

Question 9

Instruments that can be used for bull castration:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 9

1. Knife (like horse/newberry knife
2. Elastrator - beware discomfort/tetanus
3. Callicrate
4. Burdizzo

Question 10

Conditions of the Bull Prepuce:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 10

1. Ulcer
2. Prolapse
3. Stenosis (phimosis/paraphimosis)
4. Avulsion

Question 11

Pathogenesis of Preputial Orifice Ulcers in bulls

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 11

1. Hair clipped too short
2. Urine accumulates
3. Urease-producing organisms produce ammonia
4. Ulceration => secondary infection

Question 12

Decubital ulcers in Rams:

1. Signalment?
2. (conservative/surgical) treatment preferred

Answer 12

1. overweight, under-exercised, recumbant

2. requires surgical excision

Question 13

Two types of preputial stenosis / cicatrix:

Answer 13

Phimosis and paraphimosis

Question 14

Phimosis definition

Answer 14

inability to extend penis

Question 15

Paraphimosis definition

Answer 15

inability to retract penis

Question 16

For minor constriction/cicatrix:

Make (longitudinal/transverse) incision, than suture (longitudinally/transversely)

Answer 16

longitudinal

transversely

Question 17

Preputial Avulsion: aka _____

Answer 17

Penile laceration

Question 18

Preputial Avulsion:

1. Happens in what bulls?

Answer 18

1. Artificial insemination bulls only, Specifically after a return from a lay-off period. it is not a natural service injury

Question 19

Preputial avulsion:

1. Best tx option?
2. Conservative treatment (is/is not) an option.

Answer 19

1. Prompt surgery is best option.

2. Yes, but it takes longer and they’re more likely to have subsequent complications

Question 20

Conditions of the Bull Penis:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 20

1. Penile seperation (persistent frenulum)
2. Neoplasia
3. Inadequate penile protrusion
4. Deviations of the penis
5. Hematomas = abscess

Question 21

Clinical significance of persistent frenulum in bulls?

Answer 21

pretty common, not a huge deal. The only issue is has a heritable basis, but even that’s not that big of a deal

Question 22

Persistent frenulum Tx:

Answer 22

easily corrected surgically

Question 23

Penile Anesthesia methods:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 23

1. Pudendal nerve block
2. Dorsal penile nerve block
3. Local infiltration

Question 24

Describe how to give a pudendal nerve block:

Answer 24

Block right at the foramen to get all the branches before they split. With one hand in rectum, put a bleb of local anesthesia under skin. Use long needle, guiding it with rectum hand to the nerve, than block it. Switch hands in rectum and repeat on the other side. 20 min later, nerve will be blocked.

Question 25

Penile wart aka _____

Answer 25

fibropapillomas

Question 26

Penile wart etiology/signalment?

Answer 26

viral, common in young animals.

Question 27

T/F: Vaccines for fibropapillomas have no effect on penile wart appearance

Answer 27

F: They diminish incidence.

Question 28

Clinical signficiance of penile wart?

Answer 28

cannot mate a bull with one.

Question 29

``` Methods of penile wart tx? 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 29

1 .sharp dissection 2. cryosurgery 3. cautery 4. twist off (if theyre small)

Question 30

How can we treat deviated penis in a bull?

Answer 30

Fascia lata implants from the tensor fascia lata .

Question 31

Describe how fascia lata implants are used?

Answer 31

When the bull is on its side, make a long incision on thigh parallel to mid-shift, exposing the fascia lata. Cut out a 6-8 inch piece, than cut it into strips .5cm wide. Close thigh. Cut through integument of penis. Take strips and lay them under the skin of the penis outside of the thick tunica albuginea, but under the skin Place strips longitudinally on area where the penis is bending incorrectly. This forms a scaffold of fibrous tissue that prevents the penis from bending.

Question 32

Describe "erection failure"

Answer 32

penis extends normally, but droops ventrally. Have to distinguish it from a classical ventral deviation where it is erect, just deviated.

Question 33

An anatomic cause of erection failure:

Answer 33

vascular shunts on penis

Question 34

Penile Hematoma: | Describe surgical treatment.

Answer 34

closing in several layers because if you have any adhesions in the CT, you prevent the penis from extending

Question 35

Complications of surgical removal of penile hematoma?

Answer 35

Take a couple months to recover, losing the rest of the breeding season

Question 36

The site at which penile hematoma occurs in bulls is usually ______

Answer 36

Dorsolateral

Question 37

Most common Internal Genitalia condition in bulls: Best way to diagnose it?

Answer 37

Vesiculitis visualize pockets of fluid in vesicular gland on ultrasound

Question 38

Vesiculitis: Describe surgical treatment:

Answer 38

On a standing bull, half moon shaped incision into rectal fossa around anus. Through the skin, SQ, deepen via blunt dissection. Loosen up the gland, take a chain that cuts through tissue while crushing to avoid bleeding. Close it up

Question 39

T/F: the prognosis for vesiculitis in one vesicular gland is different from vesiculitis in both glands.

Answer 39

T. Much less likely to have full recover if both are affected.

Question 40

Cryptorchidism in bulls is (common/rare)? Location?

Answer 40

very rare. under the skin

Question 41

Alternative approach for vasectomy: 1. Incise into ____ through..... 2. Identify the ____. 3. Remove ______

Answer 41

1. anterior scrotum, all layers through tunica vaginalis 2. Ductus deferens (cut into the cranial end of the scrotum because it's a dead end where only the ductus deferens will be) 3. segment