Ruminants Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Ruminant order
A
Artiodactyla
2
Q
Ruminant family
A
Bovidae
3
Q
Scientific name of sheep, goats, cattle
A
Sheep = Ovis aries
Goat = Capra hircus
Cattle = Bos taurus
4
Q
What is the corriedale sheep a model for?
A
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia/hepatic organic anion excretory defect (Dublin-Johnson syndrome)
5
Q
What is the Southdown sheep a model for?
A
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia/hepatic organic anion uptake defect (Gilbert’s syndrome)
6
Q
What is the Rambouillets sheep a model for?
A
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase deficiency
7
Q
What is Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus used to model?
A
Pulmonary adenomatosis
8
Q
What are the following cattle breeds used to model:
- Ayrshire
-Shorthorn and Brahman
-Salers
-Holstein
A
-Ayrshire: Lipofuscinosis
-Shorthorn and Brahman: Glycogenosis
-Salers: Hemochromatosis
-Holstein: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome
9
Q
Minimum vaccines for sheep and goats
A
Tetanus toxoid and clostridial vx
10
Q
Minimum vaccines for cattle
A
Bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine parainfluenza-3, leptospira
11
Q
Light intensity for ruminants
A
220 lux
12
Q
Rumen microorganisms synthesize what two vitamins?
A
Vit B complex and Vit K
13
Q
Duration of intestinal immunoglobulin absorption
A
36 hours after birth
14
Q
Chromosome numbers for sheep, goats and cattle
A
Sheep = 54
Goats, cattle = 60
15
Q
RBCs from what ruminant lack central pallor? Why?
A
Goats b/c they are flat w/o biconcavity
16
Q
Seasonality of sheep and goat breeding season
A
Seasonally polyestrous (Short-day)
8:16 light cycle for 8-10 weeks
17
Q
Placentation type
A
Cotyledonary epitheliochorial
Placentomes = Cotyledons from fetus + caruncles from dam (Mom drives the car)
18
Q
Gestation length for sheep, goats and cattle
A
Sheep = 142-152
Goats = 140-155
Cattle = ~283
19
Q
Which ruminant commonly produces freemartins when there are male/female twins?
A
Cattle
20
Q
Actinobacillus lignieresii
A
-Wooden tongue
-Normal flora of resp and upper GIT of ruminants
-Granuloma/abscessation of tongue or lip due to wound penetration (rough feed, foreign bodies); see sulfur-like granules
-Tx = IV sodium iodide, oral K iodide +/- sx debridement and iodine flush
21
Q
Actinomyces bovis
A
-Lumpy jaw (cattle; normal flora of GI tract)
-Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis of jaw, other bony tissues w/ sulfur-like granules due to wound invasion
-ZOONOTIC
-Tx = IV sodium iodide +/- surgical excision
-Prognosis poor due to bone involvement
22
Q
Trueperella pyogenes
A
-Umbilicus infections
-<3 mo; depression, anorexia, painful enlarged umbilicus
-Prevent by dipping navels
23
Q
Bacillus anthracis
A
-Anthrax; ZOONOTIC
-Select agent, REPORTABLE
-Spores infective in soil for years –> Ingested –> Sporulate and replicate in tissue
-Septicemia, hyperthermia, anorexia, depression, tremors
-Incomplete rigor mortis, uncoagulated blood from all orifices
-Vaccinate
-Burn/bury suspected/confirmed cases
24
Q
Brucellosis
A
-ZOONOTIC
-B. melitensis: Sheep; not in US
-B. abortus: Cattle
-B. ovis: Pyogranulomatous epididymitis and orchitis; not zoonotic
25
Campylobacter fetus ss intestinalis and C. jejuni
-Most important cause of ovine abortion (ovine vibriosis)
-Last trimester abortion storms, stillbirths, weak lambs, agalactic ewes
-Dx: Isolate from placenta, fetal abomasal contents or maternal vaginal d/c (Giemsa or Ziehl-Neelsen stains)
-ZOONOTIC
26
Campylobacter fetus ss venerealis
-Main cause of cattle abortions (Bovine vibriosis)
-Bulls don't show CS
-See high % of cows returning to estrus after breeding, abortions, endometritis
-Dx: ID organism (curved rod w/ corkscrew motility on darkfield exam of abomasal contents), culture from placenta or abomasal contents, PCR of semen
-Path: Necrotizing placentitis with hemorrhagic cotyledons, fetal bronchopneumonia and hepatitis
27
Infectious causes of late stage abortions in sheep
Toxoplasma gondii, chlamydophila abortus, listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter
28
Infectious causes of cow abortions
Campylobacter, trichomoniasis, brucella, mycoplasmosis, IBR, BVD, leptospirosis
29
Clostridium perfringens type C
-Enterotoxemia, struck
-Beta-toxin associated with overgrowth --> Hemorrhagic enterocolitis
-Anemia, dehydration, tremors, convulsions, abdominal pain, diarrhea, opisthotonous, death or found dead
-Associated with rapid dietary change or shearing stress in sheep
30
Clostridium perfringens type D
-Pulpy kidney dz
-Epsilon toxin
-Mostly sheep
-Sudden death preceded by neuro signs in young animals
-Soft kidneys and encephalomalacia
31
Clostridium tetani
-Neurotoxin made in necrotic tissue from deep punctures
-Uterus = Most common infection site in post-parturient dairy cattle with retained placentas, also banding castration sites
32
Clostridium novyi and chauvoei
-C. novyi = Bighead dz, black dz, bacillary hemoglobinuria, red water
-C. chauvoei = Blackleg
-Bighead: Rams; edema of head and neck; enters through horn injuries
-Black dz: Necrotic hepatitis; associated w/ concurrent Fasciola infection or liver bx
-Bacillary hemoglobinuria: Endemic in western US cattle; fever, anorexia, hemoglobinemia and -uria
-Blackleg: Cattle; outbreaks following flooding or excavation; clostridial myositis
33
Clostridium septicum
-Malignant edema
-Common in wounds with devitalized tissue
-Crepitations, blue discoloration of skin, death
34
Escherichia coli
-ETEC --> Gastroenteritis and/or septicemia in neonates
-TM fecal/oral or through umbilicus
-Abdominal pain, diarrhea, severe acidosis, high mortality
-Vx dam prior to calving
35
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
-Caseous lymphadenitis
-Sheep and goats
-Survives 6 months in the environment and penetrates skin wounds from shearing, castration, docking; ingestion/inhalation possible
-Abscesses of superficial and deep LNs (cut surface looks lamellated)
36
Corynebacterium renale, cystitidis, pilosum
-All in the C. renale group (Live in the environment, vagina and prepuce)
-C. renale: Pyelonephritis in cattle; fever, anorexia, hematuria, pyuria, arched back; penicillin or TMS
-C. cystitidis and pilosum: Posthitis, pizzle rot, sheath rot in sheep/goats
37
Dermatophilus congolensis
-Cutaneous streptothricosis/lumpy wool/strawberry foot rot
-Mycotic dermatitis (non-pruritic, crusts and wool matting) or crusts and inflammation b/t carpi/tarsi and coronary bands w/ lameness
-Prolonged wetness, high humidity, high temps
38
Virulent foot rot/Footscald
-Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus
-Sheep and goats
-F. necrophorum ubiquitous and D. nodosus obligate pathogen of sheep hooves
-Overcrowding and warm, moist environment
-Tx: Trim necrotic tissue, local abx, foot wrap, footbath w/ 10% zinc or copper sulfate (caution - copper tox)
39
Leptospira interrogans
- Serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhaviae, gripptyphosa, interrogans, hardjo
-CS: Cattle often subclinical; acute infxn in calves = Fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, meningitis; lactating cows = decrease in production; chronic cases = abortion, retained placenta, weak calves, infertility
-ZOONOTIC
40
Listeria monocytogenes
-Circling disease, silage disease
-TM = Ingestion of contaminated feed/water (fermented feed such as spoiled silage)
-CS = CNS signs, mastitis, abortions
-Microabscesses of midbrain w/ gram positive bacilli characteristic
-Impression smears of brain or repro tissue
-ZOONOTIC
41
Mastitis in sheep and goats
-Mannheimia hemolytica = Most common cause of acute mastitis in sheep
-Staphylococcus epidermidis = Most common in goats
-California mastitis test (CMT) to detect subclinical cases
-Hardbag = Diffuse, chronic form (OPP and CAE may cause)
-Tx = Broad spectrum abx, NSAIDs, frequently milk
42
Mastitis in cows
-Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, C. bovis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. bovis = Most common
-Wash and dry teat pre-milk and dip in disinfecting agent post
43
Moraxella bovis
-Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis/pinkeye in cattle
-Shed in nasal secretions and transmitted by flies
-CS = Ulcerative keratitis, anterior uveitis, lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, chemosis
-Vx available
44
Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasturella multocida
-Part of bovine respiratory disease complex/shipping fever
-Ubiquitous and in resp tract
-Young ruminants prone to infection during stress (weaning, shipping, diet changes, overcrowding)
-Acute bronchopneumonia, septicemia, sudden death
-Degenerate streaming nuclei of leukocytes (oat cells) = Pathognomonic for M. haemolytica
45
Histophilus somni
-Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
-Commensal of bovine mm and transmitted in resp and genital secretions
-Part of BRDC
-CS = TEME, septicemia, arthritis, repro failure, resp signs, CNS signs, death
-Dx = Isolation from CSF, brain, blood, urine, organs
-Multifocal red/brown foci of necrosis and inflammation on and w/in meninges and brain = Pathognomonic
46
Salmonella enterica
-Enteric dz and abortions
-Chronic carriers
-Mortality can be high, especially in neonates
-Dx = Repeated fecal cultures
-Path = Petechial hemorrhage and necrosis on liver, heart, LNs, edematous intestines, pseudo-diphtheritic membrane lining distal SI and colon, necrosuppurative inflammation of Peyer's patches
-Fibrinous cholecystitis = Pathognomonic
-ZOONOTIC
47
Francisella tularensis
-TM = Dermacenter andersoni (wood tick), biting flies, contaminated water
-CS = Fever, stiffness, lymphadenopathy, anemia, diarrhea, ulcerated LN
-DX = Culture of LN, spleen, liver, serology
-ZOONOTIC, REPORTABLE
48
Mycobacterium bovis
-Cattle, goats and sheep
-CS = Asymptomatic or dyspnea, pneumonia, coughing, diarrhea, bloat, constipation
-DX = IDTT (notify state officials if positive)
-Path = Granulomas in lungs w/ acid-fast bacteria
-ZOONOTIC; required to cull
49
Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis
-Johne's disease
-Milk or fecal shedding (Incubation months to years)
-CS = Unthrifty, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, poor milk production; chronic wasting w/ occasional pasty feces in sheep/goats
-Dx = Gold standard is post-mortem culture and histo on multiple tissues
-Control = Remove young from dams immediately after birth and hand rear
50
Mycoplasma bovis/bovigenitalium
-Bovine infertility and abortions
-Bovis also resp pathogen (pneumonia) and ear infections
-Unpasteurized milk = Big risk factor
51
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
-Acute or chronic pneumonia in lambs
-Resp distress, coughing, nasal d/c
-Dx = BAL culture
-Tx = Oxytet, tylosin, quinolones, gentamicin
52
Mycoplasma mycoides biotype F38
-Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
-Highly contagious (spread via aerosol) and high mortality
-CS = Dyspnea, nasal d/c, cough, fever; anesthetic complications with subclinical infxn
-Path = Straw colored fluid and fibrinous pneumonia + meningitis, fibrinous pericarditis, fibrinopurulent arthritis
53
Mycoplasma conjunctivae
-Pink eye in sheep and goats w/ fever, edema, lacrimation, corneal lesions, resp dz, mastitis'
-Recurrence common, often unilateral
-Recover w/in 10 weeks
54
Mycoplasma mastitis
-Cows --> Sheds a lot before clinical signs
-Subclinical or swollen quarter, decreased milk, abnormal milk
-Suspect if increased mastitis non-responsive to therapy
55
Coxiella burnetii
-Sheep; Q fever
-CS = Subclinical usually or abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs
-Extremely long lived in environment; concentrates in placental tissue and repro fluids
-ZOONOTIC w/ very low infectious dose; SELECT AGENT
-Path = Necrotizing placentitis, chalky plaques w/ red/brown exudate
-Dx = Stains red w/ Zielh-Neelsen adn Macchiavella stains and purple w/ Geimsa; PCR; culture NOT recommended due to lab infxns
56
Bovine leukemia virus
-Enzootic bovine lymphoma
-Deltaretrovirus (enveloped, RNA)
-TM = Aerosol, colostrum, in utero, fomites, rectal exams
-CS = None; persistent lymphocytosis; B cell lymphoma (loss of condition, diarrhea, ataxia, melena, paresis)
-Can develop tumors on RA or LV of myocardium
-DX = AGID, PCR
57
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
-Lentivirus (enveloped, RNA)
-Most important viral dz of goats
-CS = Chronic arthritis, interstitial pneumonia and mastitis in adults + encephalitis and arthritis in young
-TM = Colostrum, milk, contact
-DX = AGID
-Path = Synovial hyperplasia, demyelination of brain/spinal cord, hard bag
-Cx = Screen herd annually, remove kids immediately from positive does
58
Malignant catarrhal fever
-Bovine herpesvirus 6 (subfamily gammaherpesviridae, genus macavirus, enveloped, DNA)
-Sheep = Asymptomatic sources of infxn for cattle
-CS = GI, encephalitis, skin; corneal edema = pathognomonic
-Path = Necrosis and ulceration in nasal and oral mucosa, GIT, LN
-Dx = Serology, PCR
-Grave prognosis
59
Foot and mouse disease virus
-REPORTABLE
-Family picornavirus, genus aphthovirus, non-enveloped, RNA
-Swine propogate, sheep can get it, goats subclinical, cattle hit hardest
-TM = Very contagious; aerosol, fomites
-CS = Vesicles on mouth, hooves, teats, rumen pillars, mammary epithelium, weak, fever
-DX = ELISA, virus neutralization, IFA, complement fixation at national lab
60
Vesicular stomatitis virus
-REPORTABLE; ZOONOTIC
-Family rhabdoviridae, enveloped, RNA
-Sporadic dz in US
-CS = Identical to FMDV
-No carrier animals, horses can be infected
61
Bluetongue virus
-REPORTABLE
-Genus orbivirus, family reoviridae, non-enveloped, RNA
-TM = Arthropods (Culicoides), contact, seman, transplacental
-CS = Sheep most likely to show; stomatitis, depression, coronary band lesions, congenital abnormalities, abortions, cyanotic membranes and ulcers
-High mortality
-Dx = Viral isolation from blood or brain of aborted fetus, PCR
-Subintimal hemorrhage of large pulmonary arteries = Pathognomonic
-MLV vx
62
Bovine herpesvirus 2
-TM = Requires deep penetration of skin, contaminated milker hands, equipment
-CS = Teat swelling, vesicles, ulcers, mastitis; heals after 10 weeks
-Dx = Histo, viral isolation
63
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
-Family flavivirudae, genus pestivirus, enveloped, RNA
-Part of bovine respiratory disease complex
-TM = Feces, secretions, aborted fetus, placenta, in uteru, fomites
-CS = Acute --> Fever, oculonasal d/c, oral erosions, diarrhea, petechial hemorrhage, death; in utero infxn --> GD 50-100 still birth, abortion and GD 90-170 thymic atrophy, cerebeller hypoplasia, ocular defects, hydrocephalus + PI
-Dx = PCR, serology (not for PI animals), IHC
-MLV and inactivated vx
64
Respiratory syncytial virus of ruminants
-Family paramyxoviridae, genus pneumovirus, enveloped, RNA
-CS = Severe resp dz on initial exposure, less severe when repeated; characteristic lesion is emphysema of dorsal SC from ruptured bullae; abortions
-Dx = Viral isolation, serology
-Path = Anteroventral lung consolidation, edema, emphysema; syncytia w/ eosinophilic ICIBs in lungs
-Control = Vx
65
Seikte sheep retrovirus
-Genus betaretrovirus, enveloped, RNA
-Reportable in some states
-Progressive wasting in sheep, fluid drains out when lower head
66
Border/Shaker Disease
-Family togaviridae, genus pestivirus, enveloped, RNA
-Sheep and goats
-CS = Ewe --> Early embryonic death, abortion of macerated or mummified fetus, birth of lambs with tremors, hirsutism, hypothyroidism, arthrogryposis; no hirsutism in goats
-TM = PI animals shed in urine, feces, saliva
-Dx = Serology, ELISA, PCR
-Path = Placentitis, joint and haircoat changes in fetus
67
Orf virus
-Parapoxvirus, enveloped, DNA; contagious ecthyma
-ZOONOTIC and long-lived in environment
-CS = Acute dermatitis in sheep/goats (vesicles, scabs on face, genitals, coronary band, mucucutaneous jxn)
68
Ovine progressive pneumonia
-VIsna/maedi, family retroviridae, genus lentivirus, RNA, enveloped
-TM = Aerosol, intrauterine, milk; long incubation
-CS = Progressive weakness and pneumonia, neuro signs, mastitis in sheep
-Dx = AGID, serum neutralization, ELISA, PCR
69
Pseudorabies (aka mad itch, Aujueszky's dz)
-Alphaherpesvirinae (suid herpesvirus 1)
-CS = Seen in cattle and pigs; acute encephalitis and death, intense pruritis at site of inoculation
-Path = Non-suppurative encephalitis, myelitis
-TM = Contact, fomites, fecal/oral, aerosol
-Eradicated from US livestock, but persists in feral swine
-Dx = FAT of nasal/pharyngeal secretions, histo
-REPORTABLE with eradication program
70
Rabies
-Family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus, enveloped, RNA
-ZOONOTIC, REPORTABLE
-CS = Fever, apprehensive --> refuse to eat/drink, aggressive --> Paralysis, recumbency, death
-TM = Bite wounds
-Path = Negri bodies in cytoplasm of neurons of hippocampus (pathognomonic)
71
Scrapie
-Sheep and goats, REPORTABLE
-CS = Tremors, bunny hopping --> self-mutilating pruritis, blindness, abortion, anorexia, debilitation --> Die
-DX = Histo, biopsy of 3rd eyelid by regulatory vets, blood test for genetic susceptibility
-Susceptibility determined by PRP gene (VRQ/VRQ most susceptible, ARR/ARR resistant)
-TM = Nasal secretions, placenta; years-long incubation period
-Path = Neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization, spongiform degeneration of brainstem, spinal cord and thalamus
72
Rotavirus
-Reoviridae, non-enveloped, RNA
-CS = Acute, transient diarrhea in young calves, lambs
73
Coronavirus
-More severe and longer-lasting diarrhea than rotavirus
74
Winter dysentery
-Coronavirus-like viral particle
-CS = Acute, explosive diarrhea in housed adult cattle in winter
75
Schmallenberg virus
-Orthobunyavirus, enveloped, RNA
-Import bans for different EU countries
-CS = Fever, diarrhea, decreased milk production, still births, congenital malformations
-TM = Possibly midges
-DX = PCR of blood, brain, spleen
76
Chlamydophila abortus (C. psittaci serotype 1)
-Enzootic abortion of ewes
-CS = Late abortions in sheep and goats
-Path = Intercotylendonary plaques and necrosis, hemorrhage
-TM = Secretions
-DX = Immunofluorescence, ELISA, PCR
-Control = Oxytet, vx before breeding to prevent abortion
77
Chlamydophila pecorum
-Chlamydophilal polyarthritis of sheep
-CS = Acute polyarthritis and conjunctivitis in nursing lambs that resolves
-TM = Contaminated feed/water, contact
-DX = Synovial tap and smear to ID inclusion bodies
-TX = Ocytet
78
Anaplasmosis
-A. marginale in cattle and A. ovis in sheep/goats
-CS = Acute anemia, fever, death
-TM = Biting flies, mosquitoes, ticks, needles, dehorners
-DX = Rapid card test, blood smear (Wright's or Giemsa)
-TX = Tetracycline
79
Babesia
-Red water, texas cattle fever
-REPORTABLE
-TM = Boophilus ticks
-CS = Liver and kidney failure due to hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, sudden death
-DX = Thin blood smear w/ Giemsa
80
Eimeria
-CS = Young ruminants w/ hemorrhagic diarrhea
-DX = Fecal float
-TX = Sulfonamides, amprolium, decoquinate, etc.
81
Cryptosporidiosis
-ZOONOTIC
-CS = Malabsorptive diarrhea
-DX = Fecal float w/ iodine, PAS or methanamine silver
-Path = Organisms on apical margin of enterocytes
82
Giardia lamblia
-CS = Continuous or intermittent diarrhea (young)
-DX = Fecal mount, ELISA
-Cx = Quaternary ammonium compounds, bleach, steam, boiling water
-TX = Metronidazole
-ZOONOTIC
83
Neospora caninum
-CS = Bovine abortion (3-7 months)
-DX = Histo of fetal tissues, IFA, ELISA
-Path = Autolysis of fetal tissue, cysts in brain, PCR, IHC
-TM = Transplacental
-Cx = Control dog pop
84
Sarcocystosis
-Carnivores are DH
-CS = Asymptomatic or symmetric lameness, tail hair loss, diarrhea, weight loss due to encysting in soft tissues, abortion
-DX = Merozoites and merons in fetal neural tissue
-Path = Rice grain-like sarcocysts in muscle
-TX = Monesin and amprolium prophylactic
85
Toxoplasma gondii
-Sheep and goats
-CS = Placentitis, abortion, stillbirth, weak young, pneumonia, encephalitis
-DX = Serology
-Path = Crescentic tachyzoites in impression smears, necrosis, edema and calcification of cotyledons
-ZOONOTIC
86
Tritrichomonas fetus
-Pear-shaped flagellated protozoan
-TM = Venereal
-CS = Infertility, pyometra, abortion
-DX = ID in smegma, culture
-Path = Fetal pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia, placentitis
-Cx = Vx
87
Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis
-Sheep and goats = Aberrant hosts
-TM= Fecal/oral
-CS = Paraplegia
88
Fasciola hepatica/magna
-Liver flukes
-TM = Snail IH --> Grassy vegetation --> Ingested
-CS = Anemia, hypoproteinemia, elevated liver enzymes, weight loss, edema, ascites; magna tunnels through hepatic tissue; predispose to C. novyi in cattle
89
Mange
-Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Choioptes, demodex
-Sarcoptes and Psorergates REPORTABLE
90
Beta mannosidosis
-Goats
-Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage dz
-CS = Intention tremors, unable to rise, flexion of carpal joints and hyperextension of pastern joints, domed skull, deaf
91
Congenital myotonia of goats
-Autosomal dominant
-CS = Fainting goats
-More severe in males
92
Hereditary chondrodysplasia
-Spider lamb syndrome
-Lethal musculoskeletal disorder --> Angular limb deformities, scoliosis, facial deformities, muscle atrophy
93
Bloat
-Risk factor = Eating a lot of succulent forage, grains
-Frothy bloat = Legumes, cereal grains; tx with mineral oil, surfactants, poloxalene
-Free-gas bloat = Rumen atony or other problem preventing eructation; left paralumbar fossa; tx with stomach tube or rumenotomy
94
Lactic acidosis
-Risk factors = Energy-dense diet, dairy cow
-Eat lots of grain/diet change --> G+ proliferation --> Rapid fermentation producing lactic acid --> Decreased rumen pH (<5) --> G- die --> Endotoxin release
-CS = Rumenitis, abomasal ulcers, liver and lung abscesses, laminitis, polioencephalomalacia, ataxia, shock
-TX = Fiber and bicarb
95
Hardware dz
-Cattle
-DX = Painful response to pressure on xyphoid or punching withers
-Sharp metallic item pokes heart, vessles through reticulum
-Cx = Magnet fed to young cattle
96
Hypocalcemia
-High-producing multiparous dairy cows and overweight ewes during last weeks of pregnancy and first weeks of lactation
-CS = Muscle tremors, sternal recumbency, splayleg, tachycardia, ruminal stasis, bloat, uterine inertia, rapid progression to death
-DX = Low serum calcium (<6 mg/dL in sheep and <7.5 in cattle)
-TX = 20% calcium borogluconate IV
97
Grass tetany (Staggers)
-Low Mg
-CS = Muscle twitches, hyperexcitability, ataxia, convulsions, hypersalivation
-DX = Low blood Mg (or CSF, vitreous humor)
-Tx = IV Mg
98
Urinary calculi
-Male ruminants
-Stuck in distal flexure
-Calcium phosphate and ammonium phosphate
-TX = Amputate vermiform appendage, perineal urethrostomy, increase roughage
99
Copper deficiency
-Enxootic ataxia, swayback
-CS = Hindlimb ataxia and blindness in lambs, anemia and depigmented wool in ewes, chronic diarrhea, weight loss and coat color change in cattle
100
Copper toxicosis
-Sheep
-CS = Intravascular hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, high mortality
-Caused by feeding cattle feed to sheep, etc.
-DX = Hepatic bx, serum Cu
-Path = Gun metal black kidneys, friable yellow liver
Tx = Sodium molybdenate and sodium thiosulfate
101
Polioencephalomalacia
-Thiamine deficiency due to inadequate ruminal thiamine production or bacterial thiaminase production (bracken fern, equisetum, moldy feed, high sulfates)
-CS = Anorexia, ataxia, bruxism, muscle tremors --> Cortical blindness, head pressing, opisthotonus, seizures
-Path = Softening and discoloration of grey matter
-Tx = Provide roughage, thiamine hydrochloride IV, B vitamins, diazepam
