Reptiles

Question 1

Clade of turtles, crocodiles and birds

Answer 1

Archosauria

Question 2

Family of turtles

Answer 2

Chelonians

Question 3

Family of caimans, crocodiles, alligators

Answer 3

Crocodylidae

Question 4

Clade of lizards, snakes and amphibians

Answer 4

Lepidosauria

Question 5

Family of tuataras

Answer 5

Sphenodontidae

Question 6

What are red eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) used to study?

Answer 6

Anoxia tolerance and neuroglobin

Question 7

What are whiptails (Aspidoscelis) used to study?

Answer 7

Parthenogenesis

Question 8

What are Anoles (Anolis carolinensis) used to study?

Answer 8

Reproductive morphology, behavior, locomotion, hemoglobin biology

Question 9

What are Tokay geckos used to study?

Answer 9

Adhesive properties of their toes

Question 10

Some reptiles require UVB light for endogenous production of Vitamin ___.

Answer 10

D3 (290-300 nm wavelength)

Question 11

Distance between a reptile’s cage and UVB source

Answer 11

24 inches above the animal

Question 12

Relative humidity for reptiles

Answer 12

30-70%

Question 13

Type of disinfectants that are toxic to reptiles

Answer 13

Phenolic compounds

Question 14

Chambers of a reptile’s heart - are any groups different?

Answer 14

3 chambers for most; crocodilians have 4 chambers

Question 15

Waste secreted in urine in aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial reptiles

Answer 15

Aquatic - Ammonia
Semiaquatic - Urea
Terrestrial - Uric acid

Question 16

What does a pit organ do and who has them?

Answer 16

Sense infrared heat (Prey targeting)
Some snakes have them (pit vipers)

Question 17

What is a parietal eye and who has them?

Answer 17

A “third eye” with photoreceptors for low light detection
Some lizards

Question 18

What are azurophils?

Answer 18

Snake monocytes

Question 19

Mycoplasmosis

Answer 19

-No CS in healthy iguanas, resp dz in snakes, tortoises and turtles and severe lethal dz in crocodilians
-CS = Chronic resp dysfunction, swollen eyelids
-ZOONOTIC
-DX = ELISA, PCR, culture

Question 20

Mycobacteriosis

Answer 20

-TM = Ingestion, direct contact
-Chelonians most susceptible
-CS = Systemic, wasting, cloacal d/c, open mouth breathing
-DX = PCR, acid fast or Ziehl-Neelsen stains
-Tx = Euth

Question 21

Herpesvirus

Answer 21

-Alphaherpesvirinae
-Marine turtles very susceptible
-Lifelong latent infxns
-CS = Resp signs, fibropapillomatosis (young sea turtles), stomatitis/papillomas (lizards)

Question 22

Adenovirus

Answer 22

-TM = Fecal/oral, aerosol
-CS = Acute death or weight loss, diarrhea, anorexia, CNS signs (if secondary bacterial infxn)
-Path = Hepatic necrosis
-DX =PCR, ISH
-Disinfect with 10% bleach

Question 23

Poxvirus

Answer 23

-Enveloped, DNA (but replicates in cytoplasm)
-TM = Direct contact, fomites, bugs
-CS = Young; White to brown foci on skin, pruritic, weight loss, edema
-DX = ICIBs, ballooning epidermal cells, PCR
-Tx = Debride skin lesions, abx, low stress
-CX = 1% KOH, steam or 2% NaOH

Question 24

Paramyxovirus

Answer 24

-Enveloped, RNA, genus ferlavirus
-Viperid snakes w/ high M/M
-TM = Fecal/oral
-CS = Open mouth breathing, caseous material in oral cavity, anorexia, sudden death, CNS signs
-DX = IHC, ISH, PCR
-Grave prognosis

Question 25

Arenavirus

Answer 25

-Enveloped, RNA -Inclusion body disease; boas and pythons -TM = Ophiomysus natricis mites -CS = CNS signs, regurgitation*, secondary infxns -Path = ICIBs in brain, kidneys, pancreas, liver -DX = PCR -CX = Euth, keep non-boid species separate from boas

Question 26

Reovirus

Answer 26

-Non-enveloped, RNA, genus orthoreovirus -CS = Incoordination, convulsions, pneumonia, stomatitis, GI signs -Path = Proliferative tracheitis, interstitial pneumonia -DX = PCR, EM -Tx = None -CX = Paracetic acid

Question 27

Ranavirus

Answer 27

-DNA, enveloped or not, family iridoviridae -TM = Crickets, ingestion -Chelonians, high M/M -CS = UD with hyperkeratosis, oculonasal d/c, conjunctivitis, stomatitis, SC cervical edema, lethargy, anorexia -Path = Necrotizing inflammation of pharyngeal submucosa -DX = PCR -CX = Euth, disinfect

Question 28

Papillomavirus

Answer 28

-Family papillomaviridae, DNA, enveloped -CS = Small, raised lesions on turtles and black, papillated, exophytic proliferations on snakes -Path = IC vacuoles and INIB in epithelial cells -TX = Regress, leave alone if no issues

Question 29

Entamoeba invadens

Answer 29

-Single nucleus and lobose pseudopod -Most clinically significant amoeba --> High mortality in snakes and lizards -Direct life cycle (fecal/oral) -CS = Immobile, anorexia, regurgitation, bloody diarrhea -Path = Intestinal hemorrhage, ulceration, enteritis, dipdots on liver -DX = Trophozoites on fecal smear -CX = Metronidazole, disinfect with chlorine dioxide

Question 30

Metabolic bone disease

Answer 30

-Ca deficiency, negative Ca:P or lack of UVB light -Common in young and reproductively active females -CS = Pliable mandible, rounded skull, fractures, reluctance to move, osteodystrophy, paresis -DX = Rads -TX = Diet fix, UVB exposure, supplementation

Question 31

Hypovitaminosis A

Answer 31

-Chelonians -CS = Hyperkeratosis or squamous metaplasia of resp, ocular, GIT -TX = Debridement of ocular lesions, vit A supplementation

Question 32

Gout

Answer 32

-Overproduction of uric acid (end product of purine metabolism) or conditions that affect normal balance -CS = Urate crystals in multiple organs -TX = Allopurinol, probenecid, NSAIDs