S&T 2013 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil?
A
Excretion of urea by animals and death of vegetation add nitrogen, while burning coal does not.
1
Q
Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil?
A
1 and 3 only
Excretion of urea by animals and death of vegetation add nitrogen, while burning coal does not.
2
Q
What are aflatoxins produced by?
A
Moulds
Aflatoxins are produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species.
2
Q
What are aflatoxins produced by?
A
Moulds
Aflatoxins are produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species.
3
Q
List the crops commonly associated with aflatoxin contamination.
A
- Maize (corn)
- Peanuts
- Cottonseed
- Tree nuts
- Wheat
- Rice
- Chili peppers
- Cassava
- Sorghum
- Millet
- Various spices
3
Q
List the crops commonly associated with aflatoxin contamination.
A
- Maize (corn)
- Peanuts
- Cottonseed
- Tree nuts
- Wheat
- Rice
- Chili peppers
- Cassava
- Sorghum
- Millet
- Various spices
4
Q
True or False: Aflatoxins are generally destroyed by normal cooking processes.
A
False
Aflatoxins are not generally destroyed by normal cooking.
4
Q
True or False: Aflatoxins are generally destroyed by normal cooking processes.
A
False
Aflatoxins are not generally destroyed by normal cooking.
5
Q
What symptoms are associated with chikungunya?
A
Fever and severe joint pain
Symptoms can vary in duration and can be debilitating.
5
Q
What symptoms are associated with chikungunya?
A
Fever and severe joint pain
Symptoms can vary in duration and can be debilitating.
6
Q
Which viruses are transmitted through contact with blood?
A
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis D
These types of hepatitis can spread through contact with blood and other body fluids.
6
Q
Which viruses are transmitted through contact with blood?
A
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis D
These types of hepatitis can spread through contact with blood and other body fluids.
7
Q
What is the primary function of biofertilizers?
A
Promoting the growth of plants and trees by increasing nutrient supply
They contain living organisms that help in nutrient availability.
7
Q
What is the primary function of biofertilizers?
A
Promoting the growth of plants and trees by increasing nutrient supply
They contain living organisms that help in nutrient availability.
8
Q
Which organism is known as a biofertilizer?
A
Nostoc
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that can fix nitrogen.
8
Q
Which organism is known as a biofertilizer?
A
Nostoc
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that can fix nitrogen.
9
Q
What is a characteristic of viruses?
A
They lack metabolic machinery to generate energy
Viruses can only reproduce within a living cell.
9
Q
What is a characteristic of viruses?
A
They lack metabolic machinery to generate energy
Viruses can only reproduce within a living cell.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: A virus is made up of genetic code surrounded by a _______.
A
protein coat
10
Q
Fill in the blank: A virus is made up of genetic code surrounded by a _______.
A
protein coat
11
Q
What are the main transmission routes for HIV?
A
Exchange of bodily fluids
Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk are the main fluids involved.
11
Q
What are the main transmission routes for HIV?
A
Exchange of bodily fluids
Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk are the main fluids involved.
12
Q
Which statement is correct regarding hepatitis A and E?
A
They are self-limiting diseases
They typically resolve on their own without specific antiviral medications.
12
Q
Which statement is correct regarding hepatitis A and E?
A
They are self-limiting diseases
They typically resolve on their own without specific antiviral medications.
13
What are the two main types of biofertilizers based on microorganism type?
* Bacterial Biofertilizers
* Fungal Biofertilizers
13
What are the two main types of biofertilizers based on microorganism type?
* Bacterial Biofertilizers
* Fungal Biofertilizers
14
True or False: Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic medium.
False
## Footnote
Viruses must be grown in living cells and cannot be cultured in synthetic media.
14
True or False: Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic medium.
False
## Footnote
Viruses must be grown in living cells and cannot be cultured in synthetic media.
15
What is the size range of viruses compared to bacteria?
10 to 100 times smaller
## Footnote
Viruses are about 20-300 nm in size, making them significantly smaller than bacteria.
15
What is the size range of viruses compared to bacteria?
10 to 100 times smaller
## Footnote
Viruses are about 20-300 nm in size, making them significantly smaller than bacteria.
16
List the types of hepatitis based on their causes.
* Viral hepatitis
* Alcoholic hepatitis
* Toxic hepatitis
* Autoimmune hepatitis
16
List the types of hepatitis based on their causes.
* Viral hepatitis
* Alcoholic hepatitis
* Toxic hepatitis
* Autoimmune hepatitis
17
What role do mycorrhizal fungi play in biofertilizers?
They withdraw minerals from organic matter for the plant
## Footnote
Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants.
17
What role do mycorrhizal fungi play in biofertilizers?
They withdraw minerals from organic matter for the plant
## Footnote
Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants.
18
Which species of fungi primarily produce aflatoxins?
* Aspergillus flavus
* Aspergillus parasiticus
18
Which species of fungi primarily produce aflatoxins?
* Aspergillus flavus
* Aspergillus parasiticus
19
What is the genetic material of a virus made up of?
Nucleic acids in the form of RNA or DNA
19
What is the genetic material of a virus made up of?
Nucleic acids in the form of RNA or DNA
20
What is the protein layer that surrounds and protects the nucleic acids in a virus called?
Capsid
20
What is the protein layer that surrounds and protects the nucleic acids in a virus called?
Capsid
21
What is a virion?
A complete virus that has reached full infectivity outside of the cell
21
What is a virion?
A complete virus that has reached full infectivity outside of the cell
22
What are the two main types of transmission through which viruses enter hosts?
Horizontal and vertical transmission
22
What are the two main types of transmission through which viruses enter hosts?
Horizontal and vertical transmission
23
What is direct contact transmission?
Transmission via physical contact between an infected and uninfected subject
23
What is direct contact transmission?
Transmission via physical contact between an infected and uninfected subject
24
What is indirect transmission?
Transmission via contact with contaminated objects or materials
24
What is indirect transmission?
Transmission via contact with contaminated objects or materials
25
What does common vehicle transmission refer to?
Transmission from contaminated food and water supplies
25
What does common vehicle transmission refer to?
Transmission from contaminated food and water supplies
26
What is airborne transmission?
Transmission that occurs when the virus is inhaled
26
What is airborne transmission?
Transmission that occurs when the virus is inhaled
27
What is the lytic cycle in the context of a virus?
The process where a virus replicates within a host cell and causes the cell to burst
27
What is the lytic cycle in the context of a virus?
The process where a virus replicates within a host cell and causes the cell to burst
28
What happens to the host cell during the lytic cycle?
The host cell bursts or ‘lyses’
28
What happens to the host cell during the lytic cycle?
The host cell bursts or ‘lyses’
29
How long can the replication process of a virus take?
From as little as twelve hours to several days
29
How long can the replication process of a virus take?
From as little as twelve hours to several days
30
What is the lysogenic cycle?
A cycle where viral DNA integrates with the host DNA and is copied during cell division
30
What is the lysogenic cycle?
A cycle where viral DNA integrates with the host DNA and is copied during cell division
31
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements present in soil and water, absorbed by plants or consumed by animals
31
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements present in soil and water, absorbed by plants or consumed by animals
32
What are the two main groups of essential minerals?
Macrominerals and trace minerals
32
What are the two main groups of essential minerals?
Macrominerals and trace minerals
33
What is calcium primarily used for in the human body?
Building strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve transmission
33
What is calcium primarily used for in the human body?
Building strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve transmission
34
What is the primary source of dietary sodium?
Table salt
34
What is the primary source of dietary sodium?
Table salt
35
Which mineral plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance?
Potassium
35
Which mineral plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance?
Potassium
36
What is the function of chloride in the body?
Maintains fluid balance and helps in the formation of hydrochloric acid
36
What is the function of chloride in the body?
Maintains fluid balance and helps in the formation of hydrochloric acid
37
What is magnesium's role in the body?
Acts as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions and is required for DNA synthesis
37
What is magnesium's role in the body?
Acts as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions and is required for DNA synthesis
38
What does phosphorus help with?
Building and repairing bones and teeth, nerve function, muscle contraction
38
What does phosphorus help with?
Building and repairing bones and teeth, nerve function, muscle contraction
39
What is the main source of iodine?
Iodized table salt
39
What is the main source of iodine?
Iodized table salt
40
What is iron primarily used for in the body?
Hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen in the blood
40
What is iron primarily used for in the body?
Hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen in the blood
41
What does zinc aid in?
Cell division, immunity, and wound healing
41
What does zinc aid in?
Cell division, immunity, and wound healing
42
What is the role of copper in the body?
Energy production and facilitating iron uptake from the gut
42
What is the role of copper in the body?
Energy production and facilitating iron uptake from the gut
43
What is the function of manganese?
Breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol and aids in blood clotting
43
What is the function of manganese?
Breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol and aids in blood clotting
44
What properties does sulfur have?
Antibacterial properties and helps repair DNA damage
44
What properties does sulfur have?
Antibacterial properties and helps repair DNA damage
45
What does selenium help prevent?
Oxidative damage to cells
45
What does selenium help prevent?
Oxidative damage to cells
46
What causes fruits stored in a cold chamber to have a longer storage life?
Rate of respiration is decreased
46
What causes fruits stored in a cold chamber to have a longer storage life?
Rate of respiration is decreased
47
What is ethylene known as?
The ‘fruit-ripening hormone’
47
What is ethylene known as?
The ‘fruit-ripening hormone’
48
What are the four fundamental forces of nature?
Gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force
48
What are the four fundamental forces of nature?
Gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force
49
Which force is the weakest of the four fundamental forces?
Gravitational force
49
Which force is the weakest of the four fundamental forces?
Gravitational force
50
What does the strong nuclear force do?
Binds protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom
50
What does the strong nuclear force do?
Binds protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom
51
What does the electromagnetic force explain?
How charged particles interact with each other
51
What does the electromagnetic force explain?
How charged particles interact with each other
52
What is the role of weak nuclear force?
Causes certain types of radioactive decay
52
What is the role of weak nuclear force?
Causes certain types of radioactive decay
53
What is an optical illusion?
When what is seen does not match reality
53
What is an optical illusion?
When what is seen does not match reality
54
What are the three main types of optical illusions?
Verbal, physical, and cognitive
54
What are the three main types of optical illusions?
Verbal, physical, and cognitive
55
Which phenomena are considered optical illusions?
Size of the sun at dusk, color of the sun at dawn, twinkle of stars
55
Which phenomena are considered optical illusions?
Size of the sun at dusk, color of the sun at dawn, twinkle of stars
56
What is e-waste?
Old, end-of-life, or discarded electrical and electronic equipment
56
What is e-waste?
Old, end-of-life, or discarded electrical and electronic equipment
57
What toxic metals are commonly found in e-waste?
Lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel
57
What toxic metals are commonly found in e-waste?
Lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel
58
What is invisible e-waste?
E-waste that often goes unnoticed due to its nature or appearance
58
What is invisible e-waste?
E-waste that often goes unnoticed due to its nature or appearance
59
Which country ranks third in e-waste generation globally?
India
59
Which country ranks third in e-waste generation globally?
India
60
What health risks are associated with e-waste?
Respiratory health issues and neurological diseases
60
What health risks are associated with e-waste?
Respiratory health issues and neurological diseases
61
What can happen to water due to e-waste?
Water pollution from improperly designed landfills
61
What can happen to water due to e-waste?
Water pollution from improperly designed landfills
62
What is e-waste?
Electronic waste including discarded electronic devices such as chips, plastics, and computer wires
## Footnote
E-waste can contain hazardous materials that pose health and environmental risks.
62
What is e-waste?
Electronic waste including discarded electronic devices such as chips, plastics, and computer wires
## Footnote
E-waste can contain hazardous materials that pose health and environmental risks.
63
What are the health risks associated with e-waste?
E-waste dismantling releases dust and particles affecting respiratory health; unregulated burning releases toxins like dioxins harming human and animal health
## Footnote
Dioxins are associated with neurological diseases and immune system impacts.
63
What are the health risks associated with e-waste?
E-waste dismantling releases dust and particles affecting respiratory health; unregulated burning releases toxins like dioxins harming human and animal health
## Footnote
Dioxins are associated with neurological diseases and immune system impacts.
64
How does e-waste contribute to water pollution?
Contaminates water through leaching of heavy metals and chemicals from poorly designed landfills and illegal dump sites
## Footnote
Groundwater pollution can have long-term health effects.
64
How does e-waste contribute to water pollution?
Contaminates water through leaching of heavy metals and chemicals from poorly designed landfills and illegal dump sites
## Footnote
Groundwater pollution can have long-term health effects.
65
What is a key impact of e-waste on soil?
Soil contamination through direct contact with e-waste contaminants and irrigation with contaminated water
## Footnote
Pollutants can adversely affect microbes, plants, and enter the food chain.
65
What is a key impact of e-waste on soil?
Soil contamination through direct contact with e-waste contaminants and irrigation with contaminated water
## Footnote
Pollutants can adversely affect microbes, plants, and enter the food chain.
66
What are the effects of lead exposure?
Affects the nervous system, causes behavioral changes, lowers IQ, and negatively impacts kidneys
## Footnote
Lead is particularly harmful to children.
66
What are the effects of lead exposure?
Affects the nervous system, causes behavioral changes, lowers IQ, and negatively impacts kidneys
## Footnote
Lead is particularly harmful to children.
67
What health issues are caused by mercury exposure?
Dermatitis, sensory impairment, memory loss, muscle weakness, reduced fertility
## Footnote
Mercury is highly toxic and bioaccumulates in the body.
67
What health issues are caused by mercury exposure?
Dermatitis, sensory impairment, memory loss, muscle weakness, reduced fertility
## Footnote
Mercury is highly toxic and bioaccumulates in the body.
68
What damage does cadmium cause?
Severe lung and kidney damage; can cause learning and neuromotor defects in children
## Footnote
Cadmium is prevalent in batteries and some electronics.
68
What damage does cadmium cause?
Severe lung and kidney damage; can cause learning and neuromotor defects in children
## Footnote
Cadmium is prevalent in batteries and some electronics.
69
What are the carcinogenic properties of chromium?
May result in DNA damage and is associated with cancer risks
## Footnote
Chromium is often found in industrial waste.
69
What are the carcinogenic properties of chromium?
May result in DNA damage and is associated with cancer risks
## Footnote
Chromium is often found in industrial waste.
70
What diseases can beryllium exposure cause?
Beryllium sensitization, chronic beryllium disease, acute beryllium disease, lung cancer
## Footnote
Beryllium is used in aerospace and electronics.
70
What diseases can beryllium exposure cause?
Beryllium sensitization, chronic beryllium disease, acute beryllium disease, lung cancer
## Footnote
Beryllium is used in aerospace and electronics.
71
How does PVC contribute to pollution?
Bioaccumulation of chlorine leading to air, water, and soil pollution; can cause reproductive and developmental health effects
## Footnote
PVC is widely used in construction and consumer products.
71
How does PVC contribute to pollution?
Bioaccumulation of chlorine leading to air, water, and soil pollution; can cause reproductive and developmental health effects
## Footnote
PVC is widely used in construction and consumer products.
72
What impact does PFOA have on pregnancy?
May lead to spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, low birth weight
## Footnote
PFOA is used in non-stick cookware and stain-resistant fabrics.
72
What impact does PFOA have on pregnancy?
May lead to spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, low birth weight
## Footnote
PFOA is used in non-stick cookware and stain-resistant fabrics.
73
What organ systems can sulphur damage?
Can damage the heart, kidneys, and liver
## Footnote
Sulphur compounds are often found in industrial emissions.
73
What organ systems can sulphur damage?
Can damage the heart, kidneys, and liver
## Footnote
Sulphur compounds are often found in industrial emissions.
74
What issues can BFRs cause?
Thyroid problems, liver issues, improper development of the nervous system
## Footnote
BFRs are used to reduce flammability in electronics.
74
What issues can BFRs cause?
Thyroid problems, liver issues, improper development of the nervous system
## Footnote
BFRs are used to reduce flammability in electronics.
75
What is the significance of discovering the Higgs boson particle?
Helps understand why elementary particles have mass
## Footnote
The Higgs boson is sometimes called the 'God particle'.
75
What is the significance of discovering the Higgs boson particle?
Helps understand why elementary particles have mass
## Footnote
The Higgs boson is sometimes called the 'God particle'.
76
What is the mass of the Higgs boson?
125 billion electron volts, or 130 times more massive than a proton
## Footnote
This mass makes it unique among elementary particles.
76
What is the mass of the Higgs boson?
125 billion electron volts, or 130 times more massive than a proton
## Footnote
This mass makes it unique among elementary particles.
77
Where is the Large Hadron Collider located?
Near Geneva, Switzerland, across the border of France and Switzerland
## Footnote
The LHC is the world's largest particle accelerator.
77
Where is the Large Hadron Collider located?
Near Geneva, Switzerland, across the border of France and Switzerland
## Footnote
The LHC is the world's largest particle accelerator.
78
What does recombinant DNA technology allow?
Transfer of genes across different species, including plants and animals
## Footnote
It's a key technique in genetic engineering.
78
What does recombinant DNA technology allow?
Transfer of genes across different species, including plants and animals
## Footnote
It's a key technique in genetic engineering.
79
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of genetic material from the source organism's DNA
## Footnote
This can be done using various extraction techniques.
79
What is the first step in recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of genetic material from the source organism's DNA
## Footnote
This can be done using various extraction techniques.
80
What are common vectors used in recombinant DNA technology?
Plasmids and viral vectors
## Footnote
Vectors help introduce recombinant DNA into host organisms.
80
What are common vectors used in recombinant DNA technology?
Plasmids and viral vectors
## Footnote
Vectors help introduce recombinant DNA into host organisms.
81
What role do restriction enzymes play in recombinant DNA technology?
They cut DNA at specific locations to create 'sticky ends' for ligation
## Footnote
These enzymes are crucial for DNA manipulation.
81
What role do restriction enzymes play in recombinant DNA technology?
They cut DNA at specific locations to create 'sticky ends' for ligation
## Footnote
These enzymes are crucial for DNA manipulation.
82
What is gene cloning?
Replication of recombinant DNA inside the host organism
## Footnote
It ensures the production of multiple copies of the gene.
82
What is gene cloning?
Replication of recombinant DNA inside the host organism
## Footnote
It ensures the production of multiple copies of the gene.
83
What is one application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?
Production of therapeutic proteins like insulin and growth hormone
## Footnote
This technology has revolutionized treatment for many diseases.
83
What is one application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?
Production of therapeutic proteins like insulin and growth hormone
## Footnote
This technology has revolutionized treatment for many diseases.
84
What is mycorrhiza?
Symbiotic association between plant roots and soil fungi
## Footnote
Mycorrhiza enhances nutrient and water uptake for plants.
84
What is mycorrhiza?
Symbiotic association between plant roots and soil fungi
## Footnote
Mycorrhiza enhances nutrient and water uptake for plants.
85
What benefits do mycorrhizal fungi provide to plants?
Increased drought resistance, nutrient absorption, and pathogen resistance
## Footnote
Mycorrhizae improve plant growth in contaminated soils.
85
What benefits do mycorrhizal fungi provide to plants?
Increased drought resistance, nutrient absorption, and pathogen resistance
## Footnote
Mycorrhizae improve plant growth in contaminated soils.
86
What is a key characteristic of fungi?
Chitin in their cell walls
## Footnote
This distinguishes fungi from plants and bacteria.
86
What is a key characteristic of fungi?
Chitin in their cell walls
## Footnote
This distinguishes fungi from plants and bacteria.
87
What role do fungi play in ecosystems?
Principal decomposers, breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients
## Footnote
Fungi are essential for soil health and carbon cycling.
87
What role do fungi play in ecosystems?
Principal decomposers, breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients
## Footnote
Fungi are essential for soil health and carbon cycling.
