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PYQ Research S&T > S&T 2022 > Flashcards

S&T 2022 Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

What is open-source software (OSS)?

A

Computer software released under a license that grants users rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code.

OSS promotes collaboration and public trust through transparency in its development.

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2
Q

List examples of open-source software.

A
  • WordPress
  • GNU/Linux
  • Mozilla Firefox
  • VLC media player
  • SugarCRM
  • GIMP
  • VNC
  • Apache web server
  • Python
  • PHP
  • LibreOffice
  • jQuery
  • Blender
  • Audacity

These examples illustrate the variety and applicability of OSS across different domains.

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3
Q

What are the advantages of open-source software?

A
  • Democratization
  • Affordability
  • Accelerated innovation
  • Technological advancements
  • Cloud integration
  • Alignment with cloud, big data, and analytics technologies
  • Reduced development costs
  • Increased privacy and transparency
  • Enhanced trust among users
  • IoT growth
  • Democratization of AI and machine learning
  • Improved governance structure
  • Real-world impact

These advantages highlight how OSS contributes to various sectors and societal needs.

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4
Q

What does Web 3.0 technology enable?

A

Control of personal data by users and blockchain-based social networks.

Web 3.0 aims for a decentralized internet where users own their data.

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5
Q

What characterizes Web 3.0?

A
  • Decentralization
  • Powered by AI and big data
  • Ownership stakes in platforms by users

Web 3.0 addresses issues of data privacy and security created by over-centralization.

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6
Q

What is Web 4.0 often referred to as?

A

The Symbiotic web.

Web 4.0 emphasizes the interaction between humans and machines.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)?

A

To allow humans to interact with computers using their thoughts.

BCIs measure brain activity to translate it into commands for computers.

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8
Q

What does the metaverse refer to?

A

A virtual world created by the interaction of multiple online communities and users.

The metaverse supports various activities, including social networking, gaming, and education.

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9
Q

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

A

A branch of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines that can perform tasks independently.

AI has applications in fields like healthcare, finance, and manufacturing.

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10
Q

What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

A

A network of physical devices embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity tools.

IoT enables these devices to connect and exchange data, transforming daily life.

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11
Q

What does Web 5.0 aim to incorporate?

A

Human emotions through artificial intelligence while providing a decentralized platform.

Web 5.0 seeks to enhance user control over data and emotional intelligence in interactions.

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12
Q

What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?

A

A software distribution model where applications are hosted by a cloud provider and made available to users over the internet.

SaaS eliminates the need for installation and maintenance of software.

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13
Q

Which of the following are forms of SaaS?

A
  • Outlook
  • Hotmail
  • Yahoo! Mail

These email services exemplify SaaS by allowing access via the internet.

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14
Q

What are the benefits of SaaS?

A
  • Low setup and infrastructure costs
  • Scalability
  • Accessibility from anywhere
  • Automatic updates
  • High-level security

These benefits make SaaS an attractive option for businesses of all sizes.

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15
Q

What is the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS)?

A

A warhead delivery system using low Earth orbit to target destinations.

FOBS was developed by the Soviet Union as a nuclear-weapons delivery system.

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16
Q

What is a hypersonic missile?

A

A weapon system that flies at least at Mach 5 and is maneuverable.

Hypersonic missiles differ from ballistic missiles due to their ability to change trajectory.

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17
Q

What is a quantum bit (qubit)?

A

The smallest unit of quantum information, analogous to a classical bit in computing.

Qubits are essential for the field of quantum computing.

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18
Q

What is a quantum bit (qubit)?

A

The smallest unit of quantum information, the quantum analog of a classical bit.

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19
Q

What does superposition mean in the context of qubits?

A

Each qubit can represent both a ‘1’ and a ‘0’ at the same time.

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20
Q

What is entanglement in quantum computing?

A

Qubits in a superposition state can be correlated with each other.

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21
Q

What is quantum computing based on?

A

The principles of quantum theory, which explains the behavior of energy and material on atomic and subatomic levels.

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22
Q

What are the two key features of quantum physics utilized in quantum computing?

A
  • Superposition
  • Entanglement
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23
Q

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

A

They can handle operations at exponentially higher speeds and consume much less energy.

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24
Q

What potential applications can quantum computing impact?

A
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Financial Services
  • Cryptography
  • Weather Forecasting
  • Climate Modelling
  • Particle Physics Simulation
  • Logistics and Scheduling
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25
What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)?
A mechanism to develop secure communication by distributing secret keys necessary for cryptographic protocols.
26
Define quantum supremacy.
A quantum computer solving a problem that cannot be expected of a classical computer in a normal lifetime.
27
What are the types of cloud services?
* Software as a Service (SaaS) * Platform as a Service (PaaS) * Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) * Anything as a Service (XaaS)
28
What does Software as a Service (SaaS) provide?
Access to software running on a cloud infrastructure managed by the provider.
29
What is the primary benefit of using cloud services?
Access to powerful computing resources without needing to purchase or maintain hardware and software.
30
What is visible light communication (VLC)?
A wireless method enabling high-speed data transmission using visible light.
31
List some advantages of Visible Light Communication.
* High bandwidth * Low power consumption * Secure communication * Easy installation * Not affected by electromagnetic radiation
32
What are the disadvantages of VLC technology?
* Short coverage range * Interference from ambient light * Line of sight required
33
What does wireless communication encompass?
All procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between devices using wireless signals.
34
What are some types of wireless data transmission?
* Radio Frequency Transmission * Infrared Transmission * Microwave Transmission * Lightwave Transmission
35
What is a Short Range Device (SRD)?
Radio devices that offer low risk of interference with other radio services and have low transmission power.
36
What is Near Field Communication (NFC)?
A short-range wireless technology enabling devices to communicate when in close proximity.
37
True or False: Quantum computers can replace conventional cryptographic methods.
True
38
Fill in the blank: Quantum communication networks use _______ to transmit data.
quantum bits or qubits
39
What is one application of quantum computing in artificial intelligence?
Empowering machine learning by analyzing large datasets.
40
What significant initiative did the Indian Government undertake regarding quantum technologies?
Allocated INR 8000 Crore towards the National Mission on quantum technologies and applications.
41
What is Near Field Communication (NFC)?
NFC is a short-range wireless connectivity technology that allows NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other and transfer information quickly and easily with a single touch.
42
What is required for NFC data transfer to occur?
Both devices must contain NFC chips and be either physically touching or within a few centimeters from each other.
43
Who formed the NFC Forum and in what year?
In 2004, consumer electronics companies Nokia, Philips, and Sony formed the NFC Forum.
44
When was the first NFC-enabled phone released?
The first NFC-enabled phone was released by Nokia in 2007.
45
List some applications of NFC technology.
* Contactless banking cards * Contactless tickets for public transport * Securing networks and buildings * Monitoring inventory and sales * Running unmanned toll booths * Wireless charging
46
What is a biofilm?
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
47
What are the main components of a biofilm's extracellular matrix?
* Extracellular polysaccharides * Proteins * Lipids * DNA
48
What types of microorganisms can form biofilms?
* Bacteria * Fungi * Protists
49
True or False: Biofilms can exhibit antibiotic resistance.
True
50
Where can biofilms commonly be found?
* Medical implants * Food processing surfaces * Water pipes * Living tissue * Tooth surfaces
51
What are probiotics?
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body.
52
Name some health benefits of probiotics.
* Stronger immune system * Improved digestion * Increased energy from the production of vitamin B12 * Healthier skin * Reduced cold and flu
53
Fill in the blank: Probiotics help in the digestion of _______.
milk sugars
54
What are prebiotics?
Prebiotics are the fiber (or food) for the beneficial gut inhabitants.
55
List some food sources of prebiotics.
* Whole wheat * Bananas * Soybeans * Greens
56
What are postbiotics?
Postbiotics are the helpful chemicals released from the bacteria that live in your gut when they feed on fiber molecules.
57
What is Covishield?
Covishield is a COVID-19 vaccine produced by the Serum Institute of India using a viral vector platform.
58
True or False: Covaxin is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine.
True
59
What type of vaccine is Sputnik V?
Sputnik V is a vector-based vaccine developed using a human adenovirus vector platform.
60
What are solar flares?
Solar flares are intense bursts of radiation from the sun that can directly influence electronics on Earth.
61
List some effects of solar flares on Earth.
* GPS and navigation systems could fail * Power grids could be damaged * Intense auroras could occur * Orbits of satellites could be disturbed * Shortwave radio communication could be interrupted
62
What is the role of B cells in the human body?
B cells produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
63
What is the role of T cells in the immune system?
T cells destroy the body’s own cells that have been taken over by viruses or have become cancerous.
64
What are T lymphocytes also called?
T cells
65
What is the main function of T cells?
Wipe out infected or cancerous cells and direct the immune response
66
What type of protein do B lymphocytes create?
Antibody
67
What do antibodies bind to?
Pathogens or foreign substances, such as toxins
68
List the similarities between B cells and T cells.
* Both originate within the bone marrow * Involved in adaptive immunity * Type of lymphocytes * Nucleated and motile * Protect the immune system and help fight infections * Non-phagocytic and part of the lymphatic system
69
What is the immune system?
A collection of organs and cells that helps keep us healthy by distinguishing between self and pathogens
70
What are white blood cells?
Cells that make up the immune system and travel to different areas of the body
71
What is a nanoparticle?
A particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres in diameter
72
Which nanoparticles are commonly used in cosmetics?
* Titanium dioxide * Zinc oxide * Silver * Gold
73
True or False: Nanoparticles do not exist in nature other than those made by humans.
False
74
What is DNA barcoding?
A molecular technology that allows the identification of any biological species by amplifying, sequencing, and querying standardized target regions
75
What is the primary use of DNA barcoding in the food industry?
To identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods
76
What is radiocarbon dating used for?
Determining the age of an object containing organic material
77
What is the half-life of carbon-14?
About 5,730 years
78
What is mitochondrial DNA?
The circular chromosome found inside mitochondria
79
How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?
From the mother
80
What does DNA mitochondrial profiling examine?
Biological evidence when nuclear DNA is present in very low quantities
81
What is whole genome sequencing?
A laboratory procedure that determines the order of bases in the genome of an organism
82
What are the advantages of whole genome sequencing?
* Provides a high-resolution view of the genome * Captures large and small variants * Identifies potential causative variants * Delivers large volumes of data quickly
83
What is polyethylene terephthalate (PET)?
A condensation polymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid
84
List some uses of polyethylene terephthalate.
* Manufacturing shopping bags * Water bottles * Videotapes * Containers and bags * Clothes and housing material * Microwave containers * Packaging films
85
Which statement is true regarding the disposal of polyethylene terephthalate?
It can be recycled into other products
86
Fill in the blank: Polyethylene terephthalate is not biodegradable, which is both good and _______.
bad
87
What is the significance of genomic information?
It is instrumental in identifying inherited disorders and tracking disease outbreaks

PYQ Research S&T (11 decks)

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