S1 L3.1: Functional Anatomy of the Lungs Flashcards by Mind Med

Q

Composed of 12 ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum

A

Thoracic Cage

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

T/F: Ribs are inclined superiorly

A

False

Inclined inferiorly

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm, SCM,
& scalenes

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

Abdominal muscles, internal intercostals

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Anatomical Division

Nose, nasopharynx, larynx

A

Upper Airway

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Anatomical Division

In the conducting zone, which generation is devoid of alveoli?

A

1-16th Generation

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Anatomical Division

In the conducting zone, that is the generation with large or central airways?

A

1st-9th Generation

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Anatomical Division

In the conducting zone, which generations have smal or peripheral airways?

A

10-16th Generation

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Anatomical Division

Which generation has alveolar structure?

A

17th-23rd Generation

Also known as the Respiratory Zone

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Statement 1: The anatomical dead space is the part where airways are devoid of alveoli.
Statement 2: These areas include the upper airways and the conducting zone

a. TF
b. FT
c. TT
d. FF

A

c. TT

No respiration occurs here

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Histology

With mucosa and smooth muscle, no cartilage

Small or peripheral airways <1mm in diameter

A

Bronchioles

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

AIRWAYS: Histology

With mucosa, smooth
muscles, cartilage

Large or central airways >1mm in diameter

A

Bronchus

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Lung Parenchyma

Structures distal to the terminal bronchioles

A

Respiratory Unit

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Lung Parenchyma

Respiratory Organization
Respiratory unit → [?] → segments → [?] → lungs

A

Respiratory unit → Lobules → segments → Lobes → lungs

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Blood Supply

Statement 1: The respiratory unit is supplied by the bronchial arteries
Statement 2: The conducting zone is supplied by pulmonary arteries

a. TF
b. FT
c. TT
d. FF

A

d. FF

Respiratory Unit: Pulmonary Arteries
Conducting Zone: Bronchial Arteries

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Epithelial cells that line the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs.

A

Pneumocytes

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Comprise only 4% of the alveolar surface area but constitute 60% of alveolar epithelial cells and 10-15% of all lung cells

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte
b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

A

b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

These cover more than 97% of the alveolar surface.

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte
b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

A

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Modulate the fluid composition surrounding the alveolar epithelium

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte
b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

A

b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Store lung surfactant intracellularly in organelles known as lamellar bodies

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte
b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

A

b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Complex branched cells with multiple cytoplasmic plates that represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus of the lung

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte
b. Type II (Cuboidal) Pneumocyte

A

a. Type I (Flat) Pneumocyte

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Important Landmarks

Lung Apex

A

Protrudes 3-4 cm above the first rib anteriorly; same level posteriorly

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Important Landmarks

Oblique Fissure

A

4th thoracic vertebra posteriorly to 6th chondrosternal junction; follows slope of 4th rib crossing the 5th rib.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Important Landmarks

Horizontal Fissure

A

4th rib parasternally extending laterally to meet the oblique fissure

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

# Important Landmarks Trachea

From C6 to T6-T7

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the end of a tidal volume

d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximum expiration

d. Residual Volume (RV)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a TV expiration

f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration

e. Vital Capacity (VC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Volume of air inspired and expired during normal quiet breathing

a. Tidal Volume

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the resting expiratory level

c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) The elastic force of the chest wall is exactly balanced by the elastic force of the lungs

f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) TLC=IRV+TV+ERV+RV

g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 3000 cc

b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 500 cc

a. Tidal Volume

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) IRV+TV

d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) ERV+RV

f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 1100 cc

c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

# Volumes and Ventilation a. Tidal Volume b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) c. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) d. Residual Volume (RV) e. Vital Capacity (VC) d. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) g. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Point at which the elastic forces of the lungs and chest wall equalize each other

f. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

WHY and HOW does air move in and out of the lungs?

General Principle: Air moves from a greater to a lower pressure.

Usually same as atmospheric pressure

Mouth Opening Pressure

Difference between the mouth opening pressure and alveolar pressure

Airway Pressure

Difference between the alveolar and intrapleural pressure

Transpulmonary Pressure

Statement 1: Lungs and chest wall have opposite elastic properties Statement 2: Lungs have natural tendency to expand and the chest wall has natural tendency to collapse a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

a. TF | Lungs: collapse Chest wall: expand

# Atmospheric Gas Composition Nitrogen

78.62%

# Atmospheric Gas Composition H2O vapor

0.50%

# Atmospheric Gas Composition Oxygen

20.84%

# Atmospheric Gas Composition Carbon Dioxide

0.04%

Statement 1: In the anatomic dead space, oxygen added by airway mucosa dilutes other gasses Statement 2: O2 concentration decreases in the alveoli due to diffusion from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries; reverse for CO2 is true a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

b. FT | H2O vapor added by airway mucosa dilutes other gasses

Statement 1: In the AC Membrane, the Rate of diffusion is proportional with solubility and pressure difference Statement 2: Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional with molecular weight a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

c. TT | AC Membrane: Alveolar-Capillary Membrane

T/F: CO2 is heavier than O2 but 20x more soluble than O2

True

# Gas Tension Because of the gas tension gradient, oxygen diffuses from the [?] into the [?] while CO2 diffuses out from the [?] into the [?]

Oxygen: Alveoli --> Pulmonary Capillary Blood CO2: Pulmonary Capillary Blood --> Alveoli

Transit time of blood pulmonary capillary transit (normal & during exercise)

Normal: 0.7sec During Exercise: 0.3 sec

T/F: Blood stays in the alveoli for more than enough time for adequate gas exchange

False: Blood stays in the capillaries for more than enough time for adequate gas exchange

Statement 1: It takes 0.23 sec for CO2 to diffuse into the alveoli Statement 2: It takes only 0.17 sec for O2 to diffuse into the alveoli a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

d. FF | 0.23 sec for O2; 0.17 sec for CO2

Blood-Gas Barrier

1. Aqueous fluid layer (surfactants) 2. Alveolar epithelium 3. Epithelial basement membrane 4. Intersitium 5. Endothelium basement membrane 6. Capillary endothelium 7. Plasma 8. Red cell membrane 9. Intracellular fluid

Relationship between respiratory unit’s ventilation (V) and perfusion or blood flow (Q)

V/Q Matching

Statement 1: Ventilation and perfusion are greatest in more dependent portions of the lungs Statement 2: V/Q is the best at the apex and the Effect of gravity: V < Q a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

a. TF | Effect of gravity: V > Q

# Types of VQ (MIS) MATCHING a. Ideal, V = Q b. Low V/Q, V < Q c. No V but normal Q d. High V/Q, V > Q e. With V but not without Q V/Q < 1

b. Low V/Q, V < Q

# Types of VQ (MIS) MATCHING a. Ideal, V = Q b. Low V/Q, V < Q c. No V but normal Q d. High V/Q, V > Q e. With V but not without Q V/Q > 1

d. High V/Q, V > Q

# Types of VQ (MIS) MATCHING a. Ideal, V = Q b. Low V/Q, V < Q c. No V but normal Q d. High V/Q, V > Q e. With V but not without Q V/Q = 1

a. Ideal, V = Q

# Types of VQ (MIS) MATCHING a. Ideal, V = Q b. Low V/Q, V < Q c. No V but normal Q d. High V/Q, V > Q e. With V but not without Q V/Q = 0

c. No V but normal Q

# Types of VQ (MIS) MATCHING a. Ideal, V = Q b. Low V/Q, V < Q c. No V but normal Q d. High V/Q, V > Q e. With V but not without Q V/Q Infinite

With V but not without Q

Determinants of O2 Content

1. Minute ventilation 2. Dead space ventilation 3. Alveolar ventilation 4. O2 association/dissociation 5. Hemoglobin level

Statement 1: Bases are 6x better perfused than the apices Statement 2: Bases are 3x better ventilated than the apices a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

b. FT | Bases are 8x better perfused than the apices

# V/Q Mismatch Patterns Upper Lung

High V/Q

# V/Q Mismatch Patterns Mid Lung

V/Q of I

# V/Q Mismatch Patterns Lower Lung

Low V/Q

Average V/Q of a normal upright lung

0.8

# 2 Patterns of Breathing Resides within the brainstem & influenced by the RAS

Metabolic (Autonomic) Control

# 2 Patterns of Breathing Concerned with coordinating breathing and can override spontaneous activity

Behavioral (Voluntary) Control

# 2 Patterns of Breathing Resides within the thalamus and cerebral cortex

Behavioral (Voluntary) Control

# 2 Patterns of Breathing Concerned with O2 delivery and acid-base balance

Metabolic (Autonomic) Control

# Respiratory Centers (Location) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Ventral medulla

b. Ventral Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Location) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Dorsal medulla

a. Dorsal Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Location) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Lower pons

d. Apneustic

# Respiratory Centers (Location) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Upper pons

c. Pneumotaxic

# Respiratory Centers (Effect) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Tends to terminate inspiration; contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

c. Pneumotaxic

# Respiratory Centers (Effect) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Active during inspiration; promotes inspiration; generated basic respiratory rhythm

a. Dorsal Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Effect) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Some neurons are active during all phases of cycle esp. during expiration

b. Ventral Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Effect) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Promotes inspiration

d. Apneustic

# Respiratory Centers (Purpose) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Inhibits the DRG. Primarily most active during the expiratory phase.

b. Ventral Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Purpose) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Drive the phrenic motor neurons and VRG cells when there is a need to increase respiratory rate (decrease expiratory phase)

a. Dorsal Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Purpose) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Transection increases TV and duration of inspiration resulting in slow, deep respiration with prolonged inspiratory hold (apneustic breathing)

c. Pneumotaxic

# Respiratory Centers (Purpose) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Most important, rhythm generator for respiration (Mostly inspiratory neurons)

a. Dorsal Respiratory Group

# Respiratory Centers (Purpose) a. Dorsal Respiratory Group b. Ventral Respiratory Group c. Pneumotaxic d. Apneustic Inhibits the DRG. Shortens the inspiratory phase

c. Pneumotaxic

Modulate the function of the respiratory controller

Cerebral Cortex

Inhibits the DRG. Shortens the inspiratory phase

Vagus Nerve

Statement 1: Vagus Nerve carries primarily inhibitory impulses from the mechanoreceptors or proprioceptors and chemical receptors Statement 2: Double vagotomy results in a more profound apneustic breathing a. TF b. FT c. TT d. FF

c. TT