Sample final

Question 1

During a sleep study, 40% of EEG waves are high amplitude low frequency delta waves. what sleep stage is the subject in?

Answer 1

Non-REM Stage III (20-50%) (Stage IV is 50%>)

Question 2

Lesions in the raphe nucleus produce what effect short term?

Answer 2

insomnia

Question 3

Experimentally how can REM sleep be induced?

Answer 3

cholinergic stimulation of the pons

Question 4

The nucleus basal is of Meynert which functions as a sleep modulating center is associated with what type of neuronal projections?

Answer 4

cholinergic

Question 5

In what sleep stage does the EEG resemble awake state/

Answer 5

REM

Question 6

Slow wave sleep is associated with which autonomic changes?

Answer 6

Increase parasympathetic

Decrease Sympathetic

Question 7

Kindling may be associated with what?

Answer 7

binge drinking

Question 8

PGO (pontine geniculate occipital) spikes are associated with what sleep stage?

Answer 8

REM

Question 9

True or false; Leptin from adipose causes increased energy utilization, and decreased food intake

Answer 9

true; “L” lose weight

Question 10

A 30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons occurs during what sleep stage?

Answer 10

REM

Question 11

Increased levels of what hormone may be associated with weight gain associated with sleep deprivation by increasing feelings of hunger and increasing food intake

Answer 11

Ghrelin; “G” gain weight

Question 12

True or false; a common cause of epilepsy is head trauma

Answer 12

true

Question 13

True or false; acidosis is a precipitating cause of seizures

Answer 13

false; alkalosis is (i.e. hyperventilation)

Question 14

What cognitive symptom of schizophrenia involves the prefrontal cortex

Answer 14

deficits in working memory (short term)

Question 15

Positive schizophrenic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations are associated with what excessive dopaminergic projections activity that originate in the ventral tegmental area

Answer 15

Mesolimbic

Question 16

In schizophrenia, exaggerated activity of dopaminergic projections from the ventral segmental area to the neocortex is associated with what?

Answer 16

flat affect (not feeling emotions)

Question 17

How likely is an identical twin to become schizophrenic if the other identical twin develops the disease

Answer 17

40%

Question 18

Schizophrenics may benefit from what type of diet?

Answer 18

gluten free

Question 19

True or false; a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids has some evidence of helping patients with Bi-polar or manic depression

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Unipolar depression is associated with decreased levels of what neurotransmitters

Answer 20

norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 21

True or false; lack of parasympathetic nervous system activity is a key finding in all anxiety disorders

Answer 21

false

Question 22

Infusion of what substance will induce a panic attack in a person who is predisposed to that condition

Answer 22

sodium lactate (or inhalation of CO2)

Question 23

What non drug treatment for depression is relatively new and received FDA approval in 2008 and also has other applications like treating asperger’s

Answer 23

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 24

What is by far the most common emotion associated with chronic back pain?

Answer 24

depression

Question 25

Stimulation of what neuronal receptors is associated with opening of chloride channels

Answer 25

GABA

Question 26

True or false; all areas of the CNS has a blood brain barrier

Answer 26

false

Question 27

What will increase cerebral blood flow?

Answer 27

increase in local CO2 or Decrease in pH

Question 28

What has been shown to bind to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and help prevent degeneration associated with alzheimer's disease

Answer 28

nerve growth factor

Question 29

A fairly common side effect to electroconvulsive therapy to treat major depression is what?

Answer 29

memory loss

Question 30

The entire CSF volume turns over how many times per day

Answer 30

3

Question 31

True or false; CSF can provide a transport route for neuropeptides to distant sites

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Activation of what division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in a suppression of the immune system

Answer 32

sympathetic

Question 33

What is a CNS effect of alpha MSH on the hypothalamus

Answer 33

negate fever

Question 34

What substance is associated with producing a fever state

Answer 34

IL-1

Question 35

What is considered a normal cranial sacral rhythm

Answer 35

6 cycles per minute

Question 36

What neuropeptide in autonomic nerves innervating the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes help regulate immune cells

Answer 36

NPY

Question 37

Cellular adhesion molecules, NK cell function, and T cell function are diminished in what?

Answer 37

Spinal cord injury (healing also impaired)

Question 38

True or false; immune cells can produce neurologically active peptides such as ACTH and VIP

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Experimentally if two adjacent digits are seen together, what would be expected to occur

Answer 39

cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually

Question 40

In mice, what can prolong lifespan

Answer 40

melatonin administration

Question 41

True or false; following injury new neural connections can reform in both the CNS and PNS

Answer 41

true

Question 42

In neonatoal mice, what increased the number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary, a sign of degeneration

Answer 42

thymectomy

Question 43

In old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin

Answer 43

L-thyroxine

Question 44

Which has a higher regeneration capacity PNS or CNS

Answer 44

PNS>CNS

Question 45

Astrocytes communicate among themselves and with neurons by what mechanism

Answer 45

Ca++ waves

Question 46

True or false; astrocytes typically inhibit synaptogenesis

Answer 46

false (typically increase it)

Question 47

Somnabulism typically occurs during what?

Answer 47

SWS (slow wave sleep)

Question 48

What has been shown to cause the brain to age up to 20x faster than normal with loss of gray matter

Answer 48

chronic low back pain

Question 49

What area of the CNS functions as a endogenous (biologic) clock entraining circadian rhythms

Answer 49

suprachiasmatic nucleus